Akanksha Vishwakarma

Spectrum-aware devices and cognitive radios with wideband spectrum sensing will be an integral part of 5G or beyond wireless broadband. They must be fast and energy efficient for opportunistic dynamic access to the licensed spectrum. Compressed sensing (CS) methods can implement wideband sensing with reduced time and power consumption but are inaccurate at low SNR. Eigen methods are one of the best among non-CS methods but are high in computational cost. In this paper, we present a simple feature named the variance of multi-scale moving average (VMMA) that can be directly used as a decision statistic, discriminating signal from noise very accurately, even at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). VMMA computes variance in a specific way over the entire band after comparing the short-term and long-term moving averages. Tests on experimental spectrum data and numerical simulations show that the proposed algorithms are not only fast but also have higher detection probability than the algorithms developed in the literature. Analytical expressions for the probability of detection and false alarm, along with the complexities of the algorithms, are also derived.

The project, “Referendum Poll System,” aims to enforce referendums and enable people to express their opinions directly, re-engaging them with politics and democracy. The current representative democracy fails to provide direct participation of people in the decision-making process. Online voting/polling systems can encourage active participation and prove to be cost-efficient and accessible to both state and voters. However, traditional voting systems pose challenges such as time-consuming processes and physical presence requirements. Vote tampering also poses credibility issues, and the risk of getting hacked or submitting to an authority with administrator access to the system exists. The blockchain technology used in the Referendum Poll System distributes authoritative power and provides data confidentiality, integrity, and voter anonymity. The voters can read and pass judgement on every clause in a policy and approve or reject the policy as a whole or just the clauses. The “policy flaw detection feature” helps identify problematic clauses in policies, and real-time poll results add transparency. Overall, the Referendum Poll System provides an opportunity for direct and secure participation of the public in the decision- making process, and the blockchain technology used in the system addresses several challenges posed by traditional voting systems.

Microorganisms play a significant role in human health and the sustainability of the environment. The last two decades have revolutionized the world of microorganisms where one can explore those bacteria and viruses that were earlier inaccessible. Traditional tools and techniques contribute at the integral level to diagnose the various diseases of humans and animals. However, these techniques demand pure isolate as a prerequisite. Therefore, an alternate technique (metagenomics) was evolved that has replaced the cultivation glitches of microbiology and relies on direct cloning of the community DNA of a habitat. The functional and sequenced-based metagenomic approaches were well explored to retrieve the novel genes and explore the microbial community composition. Later, the microbiome-based studies were clubbed well with several other genomic and proteomic-based tools for a better understanding of the dynamics of the inhabitant microbiomes of a human host. With the decreasing cost of sequencing and generation of massive sequencing data, the microbiome-based investigation grabbed attention. The development of the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) technique for treating Clostridium difficile infection is one of the classic examples of the microbiome-based therapy. The assessment of the oral disease was also remarkably improved where most of the illnesses are polymicrobial. These tools exhibit the potential for developing a microbiome-based consortium to improve human and animal health. Besides, the diagnosis of infectious diseases also becomes more sensitive, accurate, rapid, and cost-effective with the aid of these tools.

Long-lived particles (LLPs) are highly motivated signals of physics Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) with great discovery potential and unique experimental challenges. The LLP search programme made great advances during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), but many important regions of signal space remain unexplored. Dedicated triggers are crucial to improve the potential of LLP searches, and their development and expansion is necessary for the full exploitation of the new data. The public discussion of triggers has therefore been a relevant theme in the recent LLP literature, in the meetings of the LLP@LHC Community workshop and in the respective experiments. This paper documents the ideas collected during talks and discussions at these Workshops, benefiting as well from the ideas under development by the trigger community within the experimental collaborations. We summarise the theoretical motivations of various LLP scenarios leading to highly elusive signals, reviewing concrete ideas for triggers that could greatly extend the reach of the LHC experiments. We thus expect this document to encourage further thinking for both the phenomenological and experimental communities, as a stepping stone to further develop the LLP@LHC physics programme.

Adaptive Resonance Theory Network I (ART1) is a neural network concerning unsupervised learning. It is the first member of the ART family. ART1 can learn and recognize binary patterns. The basic idea in ART1 is that the input vector is compared to the prototype vectors in order of decreasing similarity until a prototype vector close enough to the input vector is found. In this paper, we are going to recognize the Hand Written Character. The process of recognition is divided into three steps. First the Written Character is pre-processed, then ART1 algorithm is employed to the pre-processed character to extract the Features. In the final stage, the accuracy of ART1 Network is evaluated. This paper shows that ART1 is going to recognize the Character with good accuracy rate.

Due to the potential applications of a negative index material (NIM), the development of the NIM has been occurred at an outstanding place in optics. To understand the optical properties of the single NIM layer, we have studied the propagation of electromagnetic wave through a medium of single NIM layer which is sandwiched between two dielectric materials. By using simple translational matrix method, the optical properties of the structure have calculated in the effect of thickness and plasma frequency of the NIM layer. The zero-refractive index, transmittance and dispersion of the structure are controlled by the thickness and the separation between the electric and magnetic plasma frequencies of NIM layer. The study of the electromagnetic wave propagation through the single negative index material may help to study the unusual behavior of the periodic structure containing NIMs. The study reveals that the single NIM layer can be used to make controlled optical devices (like Omni-directional reflectors) by adjusting the separation between the electric and magnetic plasma frequencies as well as the thickness of the NIM.

Microorganisms have always been rich reservoirs of harnessing potential biocatalysts and several other bioactive molecules. However, with the limitation of traditional cultivation approaches of microbiology, most of the microbes do not appear on the Petri dishes. To overcome this obstacle, an alternate method of direct cloning of the community DNA emerged as metagenomics during the late 20th century. This technique has been successfully employed for the retrieval of several hidden genes that were earlier inaccessible. It includes genes of biocatalysts, operon of antibiotics, clusters of vitamin biosynthesis, xenobiotic compound degrading genes, and many others. Metagenomic follows the basic molecular biology approaches that use humic-acid free, high molecular weight community DNA as a prerequisite. The fosmid- and cosmid-based metagenomic libraries harbor big stretches of DNA, and therefore are preferred over the plasmid-based libraries. Of the two approaches of metagenomics, the activity-based approach has more potential as compared to the PCR-based approach of retrieving genes. However, the success of the activity-based metagenomic approach highly depends on the high throughput screening of the clones. On the other hand, the sequence-based approach presents the entire genomic content that needs extensive analysis for identifying microbial diversity as well as to fish out the genes of interest. This chapter provides the details of metagenomics, its breakthroughs, and the discovery of microbial enzymes and other bioactive molecules.

Measurements of the inclusive and differential cross-sections for top quark pair and single top production cross-sections in proton-proton collisions with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented at centre-of-mass energies of 8 TeV and 13 TeV. These measurements reach high precision and are compared to the best available theoretical calculations. The differential measurements, including results using boosted topology, probe our understanding of top quark pair production in the TeV regime. Measurements of top-quark pair with additional jets enable the study of effect of gluon radiation, especially the measurement with additional heavy flavour jets provides test of multi-scale QCD calculation. The first evidence of single top quark production in the s-channel is quoted. Interference of top quark pair and single top productions is investigated, and the single top production cross-section in association with a Z boson is measured. Measurements of the properties of the Wtb vertex in single top quark production allow to set limits on anomalous couplings.

Fuel rich explosive charges consisting of excess metal in the formulations are designed to create enhanced blast effects through the post detonation reactions in anaerobic and aerobic phases. For metallised explosives, the nature of confinement can significantly affect the casing rupture time and the expansion of detonation products. The confinement is likely to increase the residence time of heated metal particles in the detonation product zone thereby improving the ignition and combustion efficiency. In the present study, the effect of casing on the performance of a fuel rich explosive composition based on RDX, Al and HTPB was studied in field experiments. The results are correlated to the observations from numerical modeling of the detonation, case rupture and blast phenomena modeled using thermochemical equilibrium code and eulerian hydrocode SPEED. The results suggest that the confinement helps in enhancing the blast and thermal impulses which are the primary performance parameters for this class of explosives.

Kinetic Energy (KE) projectiles are major threat to armour fighting vehicles (AFVs). Penetration can be greatly reduced by detonation of a HE charge in the vicinity of the projectile. This can be greatly reduced by transferring momentum from a blast due to detonation of a High Explosive Charge in close vicinity of KE projectile. This blastwill causes a deflection on the KE projectile. The blast can cause deflection of the projectile. The study aims to investigate the effect of explosive quantity, miss distance and intercept distance on the angular deflection of free flying KE projectile. An existing analytical theory based on ideal momentum transfer is available for predicting the deflection of KE projectile using High Explosive charge. The theory is extended and used to estimate the explosive quantity, miss distance, intercept distance and time of initiation of explosive charge, for providing required deflection in KE projectile. Different combination of these parameters are simulated and a set of solutions are discussed and optimised under realistic design space.

Long-lived particles (LLPs) are highly motivated signals of physics Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) with great discovery potential and unique experimental challenges. The LLP search programme made great advances during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), but many important regions of signal space remain unexplored. Dedicated triggers are crucial to improve the potential of LLP searches, and their development and expansion is necessary for the full exploitation of the new data. The public discussion of triggers has therefore been a relevant theme in the recent LLP literature, in the meetings of the LLP@LHC Community workshop and in the respective experiments. This paper documents the ideas collected during talks and discussions at these Workshops, benefiting as well from the ideas under development by the trigger community within the experimental collaborations. We summarise the theoretical motivations of various LLP scenarios leading to highly elusive signals, reviewing concrete ideas for triggers that could greatly extend the reach of the LHC experiments. We thus expect this document to encourage further thinking for both the phenomenological and experimental communities, as a stepping stone to further develop the LLP@LHC physics programme.