A. Thea

The ATCA and μTCA standards include industry-standard data pathway technologies such as Gigabit Ethernet which can be used for control communication, but no specific hardware control protocol is defined. The IPbus suite of software and firmware implements a reliable high-performance control link for particle physics electronics, and has successfully replaced VME control in several large projects. In this paper, we outline the IPbus control system architecture, and describe recent developments in the reliability, scalability and performance of IPbus systems, carried out in preparation for deployment of μTCA-based CMS upgrades before the LHC 2015 run. We also discuss plans for future development of the IPbus suite.

Future detection of extensive air showers (EAS) produced by ultra high energy cosmic particles by means of space-based fluorescence telescopes will open a new window on the universe and allow cosmic ray and neutrino astronomy at a level that is virtually impossible for ground based detectors. In the context of the extreme universe space observatory (EUSO) project, an end-to-end simulation of EAS observation with a spatial detector has been designed (EUSO simulation and analysis framework, ESAF). This paper describes the detailed Monte-Carlo developed to simulate all the physical processes involved in the fluorescence detection technique, from the EAS development to the instrument response. Particular emphasis is given to modeling the light propagation in the atmosphere and the effect of clouds. The simulation is used to assess the performances of EAS spatial detection. Main results on energy threshold and resolution, direction resolution and Xmax determination are reported. Results are based on EUSO telescope design, but are also extended to larger and more sensitive detectors.

A new tracking detector is under development for use by the CMS experiment at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). A crucial requirement of this upgrade is to provide the ability to reconstruct all charged particle tracks with transverse momentum above 2–3 GeV within 4 μs so they can be used in the Level-1 trigger decision. A concept for an FPGA-based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture is presented, where track candidates are reconstructed using a projective binning algorithm based on the Hough Transform, followed by a combinatorial Kalman Filter. A hardware demonstrator using MP7 processing boards has been assembled to prove the entire system functionality, from the output of the tracker readout boards to the reconstruction of tracks with fitted helix parameters. It successfully operates on one eighth of the tracker solid angle acceptance at a time, processing events taken at 40 MHz, each with up to an average of 200 superimposed proton-proton interactions, whilst satisfying the latency requirement. The demonstrated track-reconstruction system, the chosen architecture, the achievements to date and future options for such a system will be discussed.

We describe a new method to determine the photon detection efficiency of silicon photomultipliers. This method can also be applied to other photon detectors with single photoelectron resolution.

Serenity is an ATCA prototyping platform designed to explore alternative, novel design choices for CMS Phase-2.It uses a newly available interconnect technology from Samtec (Z-RAY) to mount a removable processing unit (FPGA) that should mitigate risk and provides significant flexibility in processing unit choice and connectivity.We explore the pros and cons of using an industry-standard Computer-On-Module running standard Centos Linux and a small service FPGA for low level control.Specially designed Kapton heaters have been used to validate the thermal design of the card and broader considerations of ATCA systems.

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation long-baseline neutrino experiment based in the USA which is expected to start taking data in 2029. DUNE aims to precisely measure neutrino oscillation parameters by detecting neutrinos from the LBNF beamline (Fermilab) at the Far Detector, 1,300 kilometres away, in South Dakota at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. The Far Detector will consist of four cryogenic Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber detectors of 17 kT, each producing more than 1 TB/sec of data. The main requirements for the data acquisition system are the ability to run continuously for extended periods of time, with a 99% up-time requirement, and the functionality to record both beam neutrinos and low energy neutrinos from the explosion of a neighbouring supernova, should one occur during the lifetime of the experiment. The key challenges are the high data rates that the detectors generate and the deep underground environment, which places constraints on power and space. To overcome these challenges, DUNE plans to use a highly optimised C++ software suite and a server farm of about 110 nodes continuously running about two hundred multicore processes located close to the detector, 1.5 kilometres underground. Thirty nodes will be at the surface and will run around two hundred processes simultaneously. DUNE is studying the use of the Kubernetes framework to manage containerised workloads and take advantage of its resource definitions and high up-time services to run the DAQ system. Progress in deploying these systems at the CERN neutrino platform on the prototype DUNE experiments is reported.

A measurement of the Higgs boson Yukawa coupling to the top quark is presented using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$^{-1}$, recorded with the CMS detector. The coupling strength with respect to the standard model value, $Y_\mathrm{t}$, is determined from kinematic distributions in $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ final states containing ee, $μμ$, or e$μ$ pairs. Variations of the Yukawa coupling strength lead to modified distributions for $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ production. In particular, the distributions of the mass of the $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ system and the rapidity difference of the top quark and antiquark are sensitive to the value of $Y_\mathrm{t}$. The measurement yields a best fit value of $Y_\mathrm{t} =$ 1.16 $^{+0.24}_{-0.35}$, bounding $Y_\mathrm{t}$ $\lt$ 1.54 at a 95% confidence level.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment has implemented a sophisticated two-level online selection system that achieves a rejection factor of nearly 105. During Run II, the LHC will increase its centre-of-mass energy up to 13 TeV and progressively reach an instantaneous luminosity of 2 × 1034 cm−2 s−1. In order to guarantee a successful and ambitious physics programme under this intense environment, the CMS Trigger and Data acquisition (DAQ) system has been upgraded. A novel concept for the L1 calorimeter trigger is introduced: the Time Multiplexed Trigger (TMT) . In this design, nine main processors receive each all of the calorimeter data from an entire event provided by 18 preprocessors. This design is not different from that of the CMS DAQ and HLT systems. The advantage of the TMT architecture is that a global view and full granularity of the calorimeters can be exploited by sophisticated algorithms. The goal is to maintain the current thresholds for calorimeter objects and improve the performance for their selection. The performance of these algorithms will be demonstrated, both in terms of efficiency and rate reduction. The callenging aspects of the pile-up mitigation and firmware design will be presented.

When the LHC resumes operation in 2015, the higher centre-of-mass energy and high-luminosity conditions will require significantly more sophisticated algorithms to select interesting physics events within the readout bandwidth limitations. The planned upgrade to the CMS calorimeter trigger will achieve this goal by implementing a flexible system based on the μTCA standard, with modules based on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGAs and up to 144 optical links running at speeds of 10 Gbps. The upgrade will improve the energy and position resolution of physics objects, enable much improved isolation criteria to be applied to electron and tau objects and facilitate pile-up subtraction to mitigate the effect of the increased number of interactions occurring in each bunch crossing. The design of the upgraded system is summarised with particular emphasis placed on the results of prototype testing and the experience gained which is of general application to the design of such systems.

Results from the completed Phase 1 Upgrade of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger are presented. The upgrade was performed in two stages, with the first running in 2015 for proton and heavy ion collisions and the final stage for 2016 data taking. The Level-1 trigger has been fully commissioned and has been used by CMS to collect over 43 fb−1 of data since the start of the Run II of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The new trigger has been designed to improve the performance at high luminosity and large number of simultaneous inelastic collisions per crossing (pile-up). For this purpose it uses a novel design, the Time Multiplexed Trigger (TMT), which enables the data from an event to be processed by a single trigger processor at full granularity over several bunch crossings. The TMT design is a modular design based on the μTCA standard. The trigger processors are instrumented with Xilinx Virtex-7 690 FPGAs and 10 Gbps optical links. The TMT architecture is flexible and the number of trigger processors can be expanded according to the physics needs of CMS. Sophisticated and innovative algorithms are now the core of the first decision layer of the experiment. The system has been able to adapt to the outstanding performance of the LHC, which ran with an instantaneous luminosity well above design. The performance of the system for single physics objects are presented along with the optimizations foreseen to maintain the thresholds for the harsher conditions expected during the LHC Run II and Run III periods.

A search for exclusive two-photon production via photon exchange in proton-proton collisions, pp $\to$ p$γγ$p with intact protons, is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 9.4 fb$^{-1}$ collected in 2016 using the CMS and TOTEM detectors at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the LHC. Events are selected with a diphoton invariant mass above 350 GeV and with both protons intact in the final state, to reduce backgrounds from strong interactions. The events of interest are those where the invariant mass and rapidity calculated from the momentum losses of the forward-moving protons matches the mass and rapidity of the central, two-photon system. No events are found that satisfy this condition. Interpreting this result in an effective dimension-8 extension of the standard model, the first limits are set on the two anomalous four-photon coupling parameters. If the other parameter is constrained to its standard model value, the limits at 95% CL are $\lvertζ_1\rvert$ $\lt$ 2.9 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ GeV$^{-4}$ and $\lvertζ_2\rvert$ $\lt$ 6.0 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ GeV$^{-4}$.

In this paper we review the main issues that are relevant for the detection of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) from space. EAS are produced by the interaction of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Particles (UHECP) with the atmosphere and can be observed from an orbiting telescope by detecting air fluorescence UV light. We define the requirements and provide the main formulas and plots needed to design and optimize a suitable telescope. We finally estimate its expected performances in ideal conditions.

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN restarted in 2015 with a higher centre-of-mass energy of 13TeV. The instantaneous luminosity is expected to increase significantly in the coming years. An upgraded Level-1 trigger system has been deployed in the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment, in order to maintain the same efficiencies for searches and precision measurements as those achieved in the previous run. This system consists of the order of 100 electronics boards connected by the order of 3000 optical links, which must be controlled and monitoring coherently through software, with high operational efficiency. In this paper, we present the design of the software framework that is used to control and monitor the upgraded Level-1 trigger system, and experiences from using this software to commission the upgraded system.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) employs a sophisticated two-level online triggering system that has a rejection factor of up to 105. Since the beginning of Run II of LHC, the conditions that CMS operates in have become increasingly challenging. The centre-of-mass energy is now 13 TeV and the instantaneous luminosity currently peaks at 1.5 ×1034 cm−2s−1. In order to keep low physics thresholds and to trigger efficiently in such conditions, the CMS trigger system has been upgraded. A new trigger architecture, the Time Multiplexed Trigger (TMT) has been introduced which allows the full granularity of the calorimeters to be exploited at the first level of the online trigger. The new trigger has also benefited immensely from technological improvements in hardware. Sophisticated algorithms, developed to fully exploit the advantages provided by the new hardware architecture, have been implemented. The new trigger system started taking physics data in 2016 following a commissioning period in 2015, and since then has performed extremely well. The hardware and firmware developments, electron and photon algorithms together with their performance in challenging 2016 conditions is presented.

The CMS L1 Trigger electronics are composed of a large number of different cards based on the VMEBus standard. The majority of the system is being replaced to adapt the trigger to the higher collision rates the LHC will deliver after the LS1, the first phase on the CMS upgrade program. As a consequence, the software that controls, monitors and tests the hardware will need to be re-written. The upgraded trigger will consist of a set of general purpose boards of similar technology that follow the TCA specification, thus resulting in a more homogeneous system. A great effort has been made to identify the common firmware blocks and components shared across different cards, regardless of the role they play within the trigger data path. A similar line of work has been followed in order to identify all possible common functionalities in the control software, as well as in the database where the hardware initialisation and configuration data are stored. This will not only increase the homogeneity on the software and database sides, but it will also reduce the manpower needed to accommodate the online SW to the changes on hardware. Due to the fact that the upgrade will take place in different stages, it has been taken into consideration that these new components had to be integrated in the current SW framework. This paper presents the design of the control SW and configuration database for the upgraded L1 Trigger.

We describe the design of a Base-Board to house Multi-Anode Photo-Multipliers for use in large-area arrays of light sensors. The goals, the design, the results of tests on the prototypes and future developments are presented.

ESAF is the simulation and analysis software framework developed for the EUSO experiment. ESAF's scope is the whole process of data simulations and data-analysis, from the primary particle interaction in atmosphere to the reconstruction of the event. Based on the ROOT package and designed using Object Oriented technology, ESAF is organized in two main programs: the full montecarlo simulation and the reconstruction framework. The former includes all the relevant physical contributions, shower development in atmosphere, light transport to the detector pupil and detector response, while the latter comprises basic data cleaning, track direction, shower prole and energy reconstruction algorithms. Here we describe the software architecture and its main features. In order to achieve a larger geometrical aperture an alternative and complementary approach to ground based experiment has been proposed for the rst time by John Linsley more than 20 years ago. An EAS can be detected by observing the uorescence light emitted by atmospheric nitrogen. In fact, instead of looking at this UV light from ground, the same signal can be watched from above, using a space-borne telescope on orbit around the earth. The uorescence light is produced isotropically and, at any depth in the shower, is proportional to the number of charged particles. The iExtreme Universe Space Observatory - EUSOi (1) was proposed as free-ier satellite in winter 1999. EUSO was accepted for an Accommodation Study on the ISS (end 2000) and then approved for Phase A (study report and conceptual design), successfully completed in summer 2004. ESAF, the EUSO Simulation and Analysis Framework, has been developed during the EUSO Phase A study as the full End-to-end simulation and analysis chain, from the simulation of the primary particle interaction in atmosphere, to the transport of light to the EUSO optical pupil, to the detector response simulation and nally to the reconstruction and the physical analysis. We designed ESAF so that each one of the above steps could be run individually and independently from the other ones. With this approach it is possible to run the same reconstruction and analysis code for the real data and for the simulated ones. Moreover, it is also possible to run single parts of this chain and check quantitatively the differences between different congurations of the detector or different approximations for the physical processes involved. Therefore ESAF is easily adaptable to any space-borne detector design. ESAF consists of a simulation package and a reconstruction package, is written in C++ and based on the ROOT

The observation of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Radiation (UHECR) from Space might take benefit from some preliminary ancillary measurements. One of the most important is the characterization of the near-UV background, produced in the atmosphere by natural and man-made phenomena, that affects the performances of any UHECR Space-detector. An accurate measurement of these effects is very helpful to design and optimize the instrument, in particular as it affects its duty cycle and signal-to-noise ratio. Here we present some preliminary considerations about the design of a micro-satellite mission devoted to the characterization of this kind of background. We focus in particular on the basic requirements of the measurement apparatus.

The CMS Level-1 calorimeter trigger is being upgraded in two stages to maintain performance as the LHC increases pile-up and instantaneous luminosity in its second run. In the first stage, improved algorithms including event-by-event pile-up corrections are used. New algorithms for heavy ion running have also been developed. In the second stage, higher granularity inputs and a time-multiplexed approach allow for improved position and energy resolution. Data processing in both stages of the upgrade is performed with new, Xilinx Virtex-7 based AMC cards.

La irrupcion de los Derechos Economicos Sociales y Culturales (DESC) dentro del constitucionalismo occidental se inscribe en dos procesos enmarcados en logicas que no eran liberales: la Revolucion mexicana, que culmino en 1917 y que sanciono la Constitucion de Queretaro, y la revolucion socialdemocrata de 1918 en Alemania, que en 1919 sanciono la Constitucion de la Republica de Weimar. Ambos procesos estuvieron marcados por subjetividades olvidadas por el liberalismo clasico –campesinos y campesinas, obreros y obreras– y por propuestas politicas distintas al liberalismo politico y economico, pero los nuevos derechos se incluyeron con la vieja estructura individualista propia del liberalismo

We summarise some basic issues relevant to the optimisation and design of space-based experiments for the observation of the Extensive Air Showers produced by Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Particles interacting with the atmosphere. A number of basic relations is derived and discussed with a twofold goal: defining requirements for the experimental apparatus and estimating the exptected performance.

The CMS Level-1 Trigger has been replaced during the first phase of CMS upgrades in order to cope with the increase of centre-of-mass energy and instantaneous luminosity at which the LHC presently operates. Profiting from the experience gathered in operating the legacy system, effort has been made to identify the common aspects of the hardware structures and firmware blocks across the several components (subsystems). A common framework has been designed in order to ensure homogeneity in the control and monitoring software of the subsystems, and thus increase their reliability and operational efficiency. The framework architecture provides uniform high-level abstract description of the different subsystems, while providing a high degreee of flexibility in the specific implementation of hardware configuration routines and monitoring data structures. The unique hardware composition and configuration parameters of each subsystem are stored in a database that has a common structure across subsystems. A custom editor has been implemented in order to simplify the creation of new hardware configuration instances. The overall monitoring information gathered from all the subsystems is finally exposed through a single access point to experts and operators. We present here the design and implementation of the online software for the Level-1 Trigger upgrade.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is currently installing upgrades to their Calorimeter Trigger for LHC Run 2 to ensure that the trigger thresholds can stay low, and physics data collection will not be compromised. The electronics will be upgraded in two stages. Stage-1 for 2015 will upgrade some electronics and links from copper to optical in the existing calorimeter trigger so that the algorithms can be improved and we do not lose valuable data before stage-2 can be fully installed by 2016. Stage-2 will fully replace the calorimeter trigger at CMS with a micro-TCA and optical link system. It requires that the updates to the calorimeter back-ends, the source of the trigger primitives, be completed. The new system's boards will utilize Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGAs and have hundreds of high-speed links operating at up to 10 Gbps to maximize data throughput. The integration, commissioning, and installation of stage-1 in 2015 will be described, as well as the integration and parallel installation of the stage-2 in 2015, for a fully upgraded CMS calorimeter trigger in operation by 2016.

The CMS experiment has been operating with 7 TeV colliding LHC proton beams since March 2010. A few hundreds nb-1 have been recorded and promptly analyzed by the CMS collaboration at the time of the conference. In this report I present a selection of the CMS first results.

Throughout the year 2011, the Large Hadron ColIider (LHC) has operated with an instantaneous luminosity that has risen continually to around 4 × 1033 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . With this prodigious high-energy proton collisions rate, efficient triggering on electrons and photons has become a major challenge for the LHC experiments. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment implements a sophisticated two-level online selection system that achieves a rejection factor of nearly 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> . The first level (LI) is based on coarse information coming from the calorimeters and the muon detectors while the High-Level Trigger (HLT) combines fine-grain information from all sub-detectors. In this intense hadronic environment, the LI electron/photon trigger provides a powerful tool to select interesting events. It is based upon information from the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL), a high-resolution detector comprising 75848 lead tungstate (PbWO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> ) crystals in a "barrel" and two "endcaps". The performance as well as the optimization of the electron/photon trigger are presented.

The CMS detector at LHC is equipped with a high precision lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL). The front-end boards and the photodetectors are monitored using a network of DCU (Detector Control Unit) chips located on the detector electronics. The DCU data are accessible through token rings controlled by an XDAQ-based software component. Relevant parameters are transferred to DCS (Detector Control System) and stored into the Condition DataBase. The operational experience from the ECAL commissioning at the CMS experimental cavern is discussed and summarized.

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN restarted in 2015 with a 13 TeV centre-of-mass energy. In addition, the instantaneous luminosity is expected to increase significantly in the coming years. In order to maintain the same efficiencies for searches and precision measurements as those achieved in the previous run, the CMS experiment upgraded the Level-1 trigger system. The new system consists of the order of 100 electronics boards connected by approximately 3000 optical links, which must be controlled and monitored coherently through software, with high operational efficiency. These proceedings present the design of the control software for the upgraded Level-1 Trigger, and the experience from using this software to commission and operate the upgraded system.

Charge-dependent anisotropy Fourier coefficients ($v_n$) of particle azimuthal distributions are measured in pPb and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. The normalized difference in the second-order anisotropy coefficients ($v_2$) between positively and negatively charged particles is found to depend linearly on the observed event charge asymmetry with comparable slopes for both pPb and PbPb collisions over a wide range of charged particle multiplicity. In PbPb, the third-order anisotropy coefficient, $v_3$, shows a similar linear dependence with the same slope as seen for $v_2$. The observed similarities between the $v_2$ slopes for pPb and PbPb, as well as the similar slopes for $v_2$ and $v_3$ in PbPb, are compatible with expectations based on local charge conservation in the decay of clusters or resonances, and constitute a challenge to the hypothesis that the observed charge asymmetry dependence of $v_2$ in heavy ion collisions arises from a chiral magnetic wave.

This paper describes the trigger and data acquisition system of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter of the CMS experiment. The organization of the online software for system control and monitoring will also be described. The performance of the system in cosmic runs and with the first LHC beams is presented.

The light collection efficiency in the crystals of the CMS lead tungsten Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) has a crucial role for the performances of the detector. It is of great importance to understand how radiation damage induced in the hostile Large Hadron Collider (LHC) environment will affect the collection of both the scintillation light and laser pulses of the monitoring system. We present the preliminary results of a Monte-Carlo study of the light propagation inside the crystals, focusing on two main aspects. First we validate the simulation with the crystal data collected during the ECAL construction phase. We then discuss the results of the simulation in terms of collection efficiency losses and mean photon path length in the crystal at different induced absorption lengths, both for barrel and endcap crystals. The results will be compared with the experimental data on the irradiation effect on the PbWO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> crystals.

The CMS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger was successfully upgraded, commissioned and employed in the recording of LHC collision in 2016. The upgraded trigger is conceived to maximise the selection performance in conditions of high luminosity and large multiplicity of simultaneous inelastic collision per crossing. This is achieved through a Time-Multiplexed architecture which enables the calorimeter data at full spacial granularity of a single event to be processed by a single trigger processor over multiple bunch crossings. The modular hardware design is based on the $$\mu $$ TCA standard. The calorimeter trigger processor boards are equipped with Xilinx Virtex7 FPGAs and 10 Gbps optical links. Sophisticated and innovative algorithms exploit the full event information to reconstruct lepton and jet candidates. The commissioning and running of the upgraded trigger will be presented with a summary of the performance in 2016.

The strong Coulomb field created in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is expected to produce a rapidity-dependent difference ($\Delta v_2$) in the second Fourier coefficient of the azimuthal distribution (elliptic flow, $v_2$) between $\mathrm{D}^0$ ($\mathrm{\bar{u}c}$) and $\overline{\mathrm{D}}^0$ ($\mathrm{u\bar{c}}$) mesons. Motivated by the search for evidence of this field, the CMS detector at the LHC is used to perform the first measurement of $\Delta v_2$. The rapidity-averaged value is found to be $\langle\Delta v_2 \rangle =$ 0.001 $\pm$ 0.001 (stat) $\pm$ 0.003 (syst) in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} =$ 5.02 TeV. In addition, the influence of the collision geometry is explored by measuring the $\mathrm{D}^0$ and $\overline{\mathrm{D}}^0$ mesons $v_2$ and triangular flow coefficient ($v_3$) as functions of rapidity, transverse momentum ($p_\mathrm{T}$), and event centrality (a measure of the overlap of the two Pb nuclei). A clear centrality dependence of prompt $\mathrm{D}^0$ meson $v_2$ values is observed, while the $v_3$ is largely independent of centrality. These trends are consistent with expectations of flow driven by the initial-state geometry.

She earned her PhD with the dissertation 'Constructions of gender in the Nordic Viking age: Past and present' (in Swedish, English summary).Her research interests focus primarily on gender studies, the historiography of archaeology, the Scandinavian Viking Age

It is most likely that the next generation of experiments for the study of the Ultra High-Energy Cosmic Radiation (UHECR), that is cosmic particles reaching the Earth with energies in excess of 1019eV, will consist of space-based experiments. The observation from space of the Extensive Atmospheric Showers (EAS) produced by UHECR is a big challenge, because the faint signal must be extracted from a large background by an experimental apparatus operating in space. The requirements for the photo-detector for such a kind of space missions will be briefly discussed and the solutions adopted for the design of the photo-detector of the EUSO experiment will be presented.

The "Extreme Universe Space Observatory -EUSO" is the first Space mission devoted to the exploration of the outermost bounds of the Universe through the investigation of the Extremely-High Energy Cosmic Rays, EECR, using the Earth atmosphere as a giant detector.The objective is to obtain a detailed description of the Cosmic Ray spectrum beyond 5×10 19 eV together with a map of the arrival directions.EUSO will detect EECR looking at the streak of fluorescence light produced when such a particle interacts with the atmosphere.The signal will be detected after its propagation upward from the dark Earth atmosphere to the EUSO telescope accommodated, as external payload, on the International Space Station.EUSO is a mission of the European Space Agency ESA, and it is now completing the "Phase A" study with a goal for a three year mission starting in 2010.The various peculiarities of the EUSO space-based observational approach imply a dedicated effort for the evaluation of the expected features of the detected signals and for the reconstruction of its spacetime development, energy and composition, namely from simulation and data analysis point of view.A complete software infrastructure named ESAF (EUSO Simulation and Analysis Framework) is under development suitable for event simulation, detector response simulation, event reconstruction and scientific data analysis.

The next generation of experiments devoted to the study of the cosmic rays spectrum above 10^20 eV will be most likely done by means of space based detectors. In order to detect the fluorescence and Cerenkov signal generated by an EAS in atmosphere, severe requirements on the photon collection efficiency and on the triggering capability need to be met. In this paper we report about of preliminary studies of the triggering efficiency of a space based detector as a function of the main detector parameters. All results are obtained by means of a detailed simulation of the shower development, atmospheric response, detector geometry and electronics and trigger behavior in realistic conditions based on the ESAF package, the EUSO simulation and Analysis Framework.

Euso is an innovative mission for the study of the EECR from space. In order to detect an EAS in a large night-glow background using 350k photodetector pixels, a complex, fast and very low power-hungry electronic system is required. In this paper we briefly describe the main features of the front end electronics, of the read-out architecture and of the triggering system.

The current design of the EUSO Photo-Detector is based on multi-anode photo-multipliers sensors. As a large number of sensors is required (more than five thousands units) the design of the Photo-Detector is a challenging task, also because the Experiment has to operate on the International Space Station. In this paper the modular architecture of the sensor housing will be described, both from the functional and engineering point of view. The main aspects (functional, mechanical, electrical, optical, thermal and space qualification issues) will be discussed together with the requirements and constraints. The results of tests on some prototypes will be presented.

The DUNE detector is a neutrino physics experiment that is expected to take data starting from 2028. The data acquisition (DAQ) system of the experiment is designed to sustain several TB/s of incoming data which will be temporarily buffered while being processed by a software based data selection system. In DUNE, some rare physics processes (e.g. Supernovae Burst events) require storing the full complement of data produced over 1-2 minute window. These are recognised by the data selection system which fires a specific trigger decision. Upon reception of this decision data are moved from the temporary buffers to local, high performance, persistent storage devices. In this paper we characterize the performance of novel 3DXPoint SSD devices under different workloads suitable for high-performance storage applications. We then illustrate how such devices may be applied to the DUNE use-case: to store, upon a specific signal, 100 seconds of incoming data at 1.5 TB/s distributed among 150 identical units each operating at approximately 10GB/s.

The CMS experiment at the LHC has measured the differential cross sections of Z bosons decaying to pairs of leptons, as functions of transverse momentum and rapidity, in lead-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The measured Z boson elliptic azimuthal anisotropy coefficient is compatible with zero, showing that Z bosons do not experience significant final-state interactions in the medium produced in the collision. Yields of Z bosons are compared to Glauber model predictions and are found to deviate from these expectations in peripheral collisions, indicating the presence of initial collision geometry and centrality selection effects. The precision of the measurement allows, for the first time, for a data-driven determination of the nucleon-nucleon integrated luminosity as a function of lead-lead centrality, thereby eliminating the need for its estimation based on a Glauber model.