A. Solano

Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGAD) are silicon detectors with output signals that are about a factor of 10 larger than those of traditional sensors. In this paper we analyze how the design of LGAD can be optimized to exploit their increased output signal to reach optimum timing performances. Our simulations show that these sensors, the so-called Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD), will be able to reach a time resolution factor of 10 better than that of traditional silicon sensors.

We present the FP420 R&D project, which has been studying the key aspects of the development and installation of a silicon tracker and fast-timing detectors in the LHC tunnel at 420 m from the interaction points of the ATLAS and CMS experiments. These detectors would measure precisely very forward protons in conjunction with the corresponding central detectors as a means to study Standard Model (SM) physics, and to search for and characterise new physics signals. This report includes a detailed description of the physics case for the detector and, in particular, for the measurement of Central Exclusive Production, pp→p+ϕ+p, in which the outgoing protons remain intact and the central system ϕ may be a single particle such as a SM or MSSM Higgs boson. Other physics topics discussed are γγ and γp interactions, and diffractive processes. The report includes a detailed study of the trigger strategy, acceptance, reconstruction efficiencies, and expected yields for a particularpp→pHp measurement with Higgs boson decay in theb mode. The document also describes the detector acceptance as given by the LHC beam optics between the interaction points and the FP420 location, the machine backgrounds, the new proposed connection cryostat and the moving (``Hamburg'') beam-pipe at 420 m, and the radio-frequency impact of the design on the LHC. The last part of the document is devoted to a description of the 3D silicon sensors and associated tracking performances, the design of two fast-timing detectors capable of accurate vertex reconstruction for background rejection at high-luminosities, and the detector alignment and calibration strategy.

In this contribution we will review the progresses toward the construction of a tracking system able to measure the passage of charged particles with a combined precision of ∼10 ps and ∼10 μm, either using a single type of sensor, able to concurrently measure position and time, or a combination of position and time sensors.

Two-particle azimuthal correlations have been measured in neutral current deep inelastic ep scattering with virtuality Q2> 5 GeV2 at a centre-of-mass energy $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 318 GeV recorded with the ZEUS detector at HERA. The correlations of charged particles have been measured in the range of laboratory pseudorapidity −1.5 < η < 2.0 and transverse momentum 0.1 < pT< 5.0 GeV and event multiplicities Nch up to six times larger than the average 〈Nch〉 ≈ 5. The two-particle correlations have been measured in terms of the angular observables cn{2} = 〈〈cosnΔφ〉〉, where n is between 1 and 4 and ∆φ is the relative azimuthal angle between the two particles. Comparisons with available models of deep inelastic scattering, which are tuned to reproduce inclusive particle production, suggest that the measured two-particle correlations are dominated by contributions from multijet production. The correlations observed here do not indicate the kind of collective behaviour recently observed at the highest RHIC and LHC energies in high-multiplicity hadronic collisions.

The design and construction of a set of parallel plate ionization chambers with one of the electrodes segmented in strips are presented. The performances of the chambers as from a test on a 270 MeV/u12C−16 beam are reported in view of their use in a 3-D dosimeter for therapeutical hadron beams.

The exclusive photoproduction reactions $\gamma p \to J/\psi(1S) p$ and $\gamma p \to \psi(2S) p$ have been measured at an $ep$ centre-of-mass energy of 318 GeV with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 373 pb$^{-1}$. The measurement was made in the kinematic range $30 < W < 180$ GeV, $Q^2 < 1$ GeV$^2$ and $|t| < 1$ GeV$^2$, where $W$ is the photon--proton centre-of-mass energy, $Q^2$ is the photon virtuality and $t$ is the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex. The decay channels used were $J/\psi(1S) \to \mu^+ \mu^-$, $\psi(2S) \to \mu^+ \mu^-$ and $\psi(2S) \to J/\psi(1S) \pi^+ \pi^-$ with subsequent decay $J/\psi(1S) \to \mu^+ \mu^-$. The ratio of the production cross sections, $R = \sigma_{\psi(2S)} / \sigma_{J/\psi(1S)}$, has been measured as a function of $W$ and $|t|$ and compared to previous data in photoproduction and deep inelastic scattering and with predictions of QCD-inspired models of exclusive vector-meson production, which are in reasonable agreement with the data.

At large values of $x$, the parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton are poorly constrained and there are considerable variations between different global fits. Data at such high $x$ have already been published by the ZEUS Collaboration, but not yet used in PDF extractions. A technique for comparing predictions based on different PDF sets to the observed number of events in the ZEUS data is presented. It is applied to compare predictions from the most commonly used PDFs to published ZEUS data at high Bjorken $x$. A wide variation is found in the ability of the PDFs to predict the observed results. A scheme for including the ZEUS high-$x$ data in future PDF extractions is discussed.

The CMS pixel detector is the innermost tracking device at the LHC, reconstructing interaction vertices and charged particle trajectories. The current planar sensors located in the innermost layer of the pixel detector will be exposed to very high fluences which will degrade their performances. As a possible replacement for planar pixel sensors in the High Luminosity-LHC (HL-LHC), 3D silicon technology is under consideration due to its expected good performance in harsh radiation environments. Studies are also in progress for using 3D silicon pixel detectors in near-beam proton spectrometers at the LHC. Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) plays a key role in fabricating 3D silicon detectors in which readout and ohmic electrodes are processed through the silicon substrate instead of being implanted on the silicon surface. 3D pixel devices considered in this study were processed at FBK (Trento, Italy), bump bonded to the CMS pixel readout chip, and characterized in the laboratory. Numerical simulations were also carried out. We report on selected results from laboratory measurements and TCAD simulations.

High-precision HERA data corresponding to a luminosity of around $1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ have been used in the framework of $eeqq$ contact interactions (CI) to set limits on possible high-energy contributions beyond the Standard Model to electron-quark scattering. Measurements of the inclusive deep inelastic cross sections in neutral and charged current $ep$ scattering were considered. The analysis of the $ep$ data has been based on simultaneous fits of parton distribution functions including contributions of CI couplings to $ep$ scattering. Several general CI models and scenarios with heavy leptoquarks were considered. Improvements in the description of the inclusive HERA data were obtained for a few models. Since a statistically significant deviation from the Standard Model cannot be established, limits in the TeV range were set on all models considered.

Lorentz and $CPT$ symmetry in the quark sector of the Standard Model are studied in the context of an effective field theory using ZEUS ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ data. Symmetry-violating effects can lead to time-dependent oscillations of otherwise time-independent observables, including scattering cross sections. An analysis using five years of inclusive neutral-current deep inelastic scattering events corresponding to an integrated HERA luminosity of $372\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{pb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $\sqrt{s}=318\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ has been performed. No evidence for oscillations in sidereal time has been observed within statistical and systematic uncertainties. Constraints, most for the first time, are placed on 42 coefficients parametrizing dominant $CPT$-even dimension-four and $CPT$-odd dimension-five spin-independent modifications to the propagation and interaction of light quarks.

Abstract Diamond sensors are studied as an alternative to silicon sensors to withstand the high radiation doses that are expected in future upgrades of the pixel detectors for the SLHC. Diamond pixel sensors are intrinsically radiation hard and are considered as a possible solution for the innermost tracker layers close to the interaction point where current silicon sensors cannot cope with the harsh radiation environment.An effort to study possible candidates for the upgrades is undergoing using the Fermilab test-beam facility (FTBF), where diamonds and 3D silicon sensors have been studied. Using a CMS pixel-based telescope built and installed at the FTBF, we are studying charge collection efficiencies for un-irradiated and irradiated devices bump-bonded to the CMS PSI46 pixel readout chip. A description of the test-beam effort and preliminary results on diamond sensors will be presented.

A bstract Charm production in charged current deep inelastic scattering has been measured for the first time in e ± p collisions, using data collected with the ZEUS detector at HERA, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 358 pb −1 . Results are presented separately for e + p and e − p scattering at a centre-of-mass energy of $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> = 318 GeV within a kinematic phase-space region of 200 GeV 2 &lt; Q 2 &lt; 60000 GeV 2 and y &lt; 0.9, where Q 2 is the squared four-momentum transfer and y is the inelasticity. The measured cross sections of electroweak charm production are consistent with expectations from the Standard Model within the large statistical uncertainties.

The CMS and TOTEM experiments intend to carry out a joint diffractive/forward physics program with an unprecedented rapidity coverage. The present document outlines some aspects of such a physics program, which spans from the investigation of the low-x structure of the proton to the diffractive production of a SM or MSSM Higgs boson.

The pixel detector is the innermost tracking device in CMS, reconstructing interaction vertices and charged particle trajectories. The sensors located in the innermost layers of the pixel detector must be upgraded for the ten-fold increase in luminosity expected at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). As a possible replacement for planar sensors, 3D silicon technology is under consideration due to its good performance after high radiation fluence. In this paper, we report on pre- and post- irradiation measurements of CMS 3D pixel sensors with different electrode configurations from different vendors. The effects of irradiation on electrical properties, charge collection efficiency, and position resolution are discussed. Measurements of various test structures for monitoring the fabrication process and studying the bulk and surface properties of silicon sensors, such as MOS capacitors, planar and gate-controlled diodes are also presented.

In preparation for the tenfold luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (the HL-LHC) around 2020, three-dimensional (3D) silicon pixel sensors are being developed as a radiation-hard candidate to replace the planar ones currently being used in the CMS pixel detector. This study examines an early batch of FBK sensors (named ATLAS08) of three 3D pixel geometries: 1E, 2E, and 4E, which respectively contain one, two, and four readout electrodes for each pixel, passing completely through the bulk. We present electrical characteristics and beam test performance results for each detector before and after irradiation. The maximum fluence applied is 3.5×1015 n eq/cm2.

Three-dimensional (3D) silicon detectors are emerging as one of the most promising technologies for the innermost layers of tracking devices for the foreseen upgrades of the LHC. 3D sensors compatible with the CMS readout, fabricated at FBK (Trento, Italy), were tested in the laboratory and with a 120 GeV/c proton beam at the FNAL test beam facility, before and after irradiation up to a fluence of 3.5×1015neq/cm2. Preliminary results of the data analysis are presented.

Abstract Silicon 3D detectors consist of an array of columnar electrodes of both doping types which penetrate entirely in the detector bulk, perpendicularly to the surface. They are emerging as one of the most promising technologies for innermost layers of tracking devices for the foreseen upgrades of the LHC. Until recently, properties of 3D sensors have been investigated mostly with ATLAS readout electronics. 3D pixel sensors compatible with the CMS readout were first fabricated at SINTEF (Oslo, Norway), and more recently at FBK (Trento, Italy) and CNM (Barcelona, Spain). Several sensors with different electrode configurations, bump-bonded with the CMS pixel PSI46 readout chip, were characterized in laboratory and tested at Fermilab with a proton beam of 120 GeV/ c . Preliminary results of the data analysis are presented.

The photoproduction of isolated photons has been measured in diffractive events recorded by the ZEUS detector at HERA.Cross sections are evaluated in the photon transverse-energy and pseudorapidity ranges 5 < E γ T < 15 GeV and -0.7 < η γ < 0.9, inclusively, and also with a jet with transverse energy and pseudorapidity in the ranges 4 < E jet T < 35 GeV and -1.5 < η jet < 1.8, using a total integrated electronproton luminosity of 456 pb -1 .A number of kinematic variables were studied and compared to predictions from the RAPGAP Monte Carlo model.An excess of data is observed above the RAPGAP predictions for z meas P > 0.9, where z meas P is the fraction of the longitudinal momentum of the colorless "Pomeron" exchange that is transferred to the photon-jet final state, giving evidence for direct Pomeron interactions.

A bstract Collective behaviour of final-state hadrons, and multiparton interactions are studied in high-multiplicity ep scattering at a centre-of-mass energy $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> = 318 GeV with the ZEUS detector at HERA. Two- and four-particle azimuthal correlations, as well as multiplicity, transverse momentum, and pseudorapidity distributions for charged-particle multiplicities N ch ≥ 20 are measured. The dependence of two-particle correlations on the virtuality of the exchanged photon shows a clear transition from photoproduction to neutral current deep inelastic scattering. For the multiplicities studied, neither the measurements in photoproduction processes nor those in neutral current deep inelastic scattering indicate significant collective behaviour of the kind observed in high-multiplicity hadronic collisions at RHIC and the LHC. Comparisons of PYTHIA predictions with the measurements in photoproduction strongly indicate the presence of multiparton interactions from hadronic fluctuations of the exchanged photon.

The CMS silicon pixel detector is the tracking device closest to the LHC p–p collisions, which precisely reconstructs the charged particle trajectories. The planar technology used in the current innermost layer of the pixel detector will reach the design limit for radiation hardness at the end of Phase I upgrade and will need to be replaced before the Phase II upgrade in 2020. Due to its unprecedented performance in harsh radiation environments, 3D silicon technology is under consideration as a possible replacement of planar technology for the High Luminosity-LHC or HL-LHC. 3D silicon detectors are fabricated by the Deep Reactive-Ion-Etching (DRIE) technique which allows p- and n-type electrodes to be processed through the silicon substrate as opposed to being implanted through the silicon surface. The 3D CMS pixel devices presented in this paper were processed at FBK. They were bump bonded to the current CMS pixel readout chip, tested in the laboratory, and testbeams carried out at FNAL with the proton beam of 120 GeV/c. In this paper we present the laboratory and beam test results for the irradiated 3D CMS pixel devices.

Abstract Objective: Nuclear medicine imaging of dopamine transporter (DAT) binding is used in the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative Parkinsonism but DAT receptor density in the posterior part of the putamens is of difficult evaluation because it is strongly affected by the partial‐volume effect. Since its quantitative correction is often difficult, we propose here a qualitative method to compare the real study to virtual images of the patient, obtained as if he/she was healthy. Method: The virtual images are obtained coregistering the magnetic resonance images to SPECT's; segmenting magnetic resonance images to obtain the real shape and position of caudates and putamens; digitally filling these volumes with an activity concentration close to normal condition; blurring and convolving images with the measured point‐spread function of the SPECT system. Result: The method was applied to phantom and, retrospectively, to a small cohort of 20 patients, that underwent SPECT examination more than 3 years ago, to prove the feasibility of the method in a clinical environment. Conclusions: This method enhances the accuracy of the nuclear medicine interpretation by the inclusion of the proper morphological information of each patient, helping the physician to differentiate between partial‐volume effects and real hypofixation of the tracer. The method proved to be feasible but is applicability is fostered by the need of a concomitant MR. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 22, 172–176, 2012

The development of Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) has made possible to manufacture silicon detectors with output signals that are about a factor of 10 larger than those of traditional sensors.This increased output brings many benefits such as the possibility of developing thin detectors with large enough signals, a good immunity towards low charge collection efficiency and it is key for excellent timing capabilities.In this paper, we report on the development of silicon sensors based on the LGAD design optimized to achieve excellent timing performance, the so-called Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSDs).In particular, we demonstrate the possibility of obtaining ultra-fast silicon detectors with time resolution of less than 30 picosecond.

Las enfermedades tiroideas autoinmunes (ETA) son producidas por cambios en la tolerancia inmunológica; comprende hipotiroidismo e hipertiroidismo; asimismo la disfunción tiroidea subclínica puede relacionarse a ETA en fases iniciales, como dislipidemias, enfermedad cardiovascular y alteraciones metabólicas, así surge la necesidad de caracterizarla. Este es un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo; incluyó 101 pacientes con ETA, eco tiroideo, lípidos y hormonas tiroideas, excluyéndose quienes consumían fármacos que modifiquen hormonas tiroideas. Se estableció el riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) mediante RCV AMR B de la OMS/ISH y por Framingham. El 92% de los pacientes eran femeninos y 8% masculinos; edad promedio 43.9 años; el 92.08% tenían hipotiroidismo, el 7.92% con hipertiroidismo y el 25% hipotiroidismo subclínico, los cuales 37% tenían sobrepeso y 27% obesidad; 10,89% diabetes mellitus (DM) y 11,88% prediabetes; 51.49% hipercolesterolemia. 57,43% RCV bajo. Se correlacionó la presencia de DM, prediabetes, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia y LDL elevado con ETA (P: 0.65; P: 0.82; p: 0.72; p: 0.77 y p: 0.87). La ETA es una es más usual en mujeres lo que coincide con los resultados obtenidos. El sobrepeso y la obesidad se identificó en la mayoría de ellos, factores desencadenantes de ETA. La relación de DM y ETA es controversial, tampoco se encontró relación importante en el estudio. La ETA no se ha asociado con RCV pero sí con dislipidemias. La ETA es una patología autoinmune, predomina en mujeres jóvenes; se asocia con dislipidemia, sobrepeso y obesidad; en cuanto DM o prediabetes y RCV se recomienda seguir su estudio. &#x0D;

Abstract The development and operation of geothermal plants play a vital role in the transition to sustainable and low-carbon energy systems. In this paper we presented a seamless and flexible pore-to-process digital solution for the design and assessment of geothermal systems, encompassing the geothermal reservoir, gathering network, and geothermal power plant. Our primary focus in this study is on the geothermal power plant. This includes a detailed analysis of the functionality and performance of two common geothermal power plants; 1. A single-flash power plant and a double-flash geothermal power plant within the overall system. This work shows that overall exergy efficiency of the studies geothermal power plants decreases overtime due to a decrease in the geothermal reservoir quality. The analysis performed in this study demonstrates that variation of the inlet separator pressure affects the overall plant behavior. The parametric studies also display the overall exergy efficiency of the power plants as well as the turbine power reduction as the inlet separator pressure increases. This is due to lower efficiency in converting the available energy into useful work. Our studies displayed that a substantial portion of the available exergy in the geothermal fluid is being dissipated in the condenser. Therefore, optimizing the condenser design and operation becomes a crucial factor for enhancing the overall efficiency of the studies of geothermal power plants.

Abstract A new measurement of inclusive-jet cross sections in the Breit frame in neutral current deep inelastic scattering using the ZEUS detector at the HERA collider is presented. The data were taken in the years 2004–2007 at a centre-of-mass energy of $$318\,\,\textrm{GeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>318</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and correspond to an integrated luminosity of $$347\,\,\textrm{pb}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>347</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>pb</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The jets were reconstructed using the $$k_t$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> -algorithm in the Breit reference frame. They have been measured as a function of the squared momentum transfer, $$Q^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , and the transverse momentum of the jets in the Breit frame, $$p_{\perp ,\text {Breit}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⊥</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>Breit</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . The measured jet cross sections are compared to previous measurements and to perturbative QCD predictions. The measurement has been used in a next-to-next-to-leading-order QCD analysis to perform a simultaneous determination of parton distribution functions of the proton and the strong coupling, resulting in a value of $$\alpha _s(M_Z^2) = 0.1142 \pm 0.0017 \text {~(experimental/fit)}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.1142</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.0017</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>(experimental/fit)</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> $${}_{-0.0007}^{+0.0006} \text {~(model/parameterisation)}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.0007</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.0006</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>(model/parameterisation)</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> $${}_{-0.0004}^{+0.0006} \text {~(scale)}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.0004</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.0006</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>(scale)</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , whose accuracy is improved compared to similar measurements. In addition, the running of the strong coupling is demonstrated using data obtained at different scales.

Los fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados son importantes en la producción agrícola, no obstante, producen ciertos impactos ambientales. En el cultivo de “culantro coyote” (Eryngium foetidum L.), la cantidad de nitrógeno (N) disponible es relevante para la formación de la parte comercializable, sus hojas. Por este motivo, se investigó el uso de diferentes fuentes de N. Se buscó identificar y proponer programas de fertilización, determinar la productividad al reemplazar las fuentes de N tradicionales para reducir el impacto ambiental por emisión de CO2, empleando los tratamientos: T1- Fertilización convencional, T2- Urea adicionada con el inhibidor de la enzima Ureasa (Agrotain 15% N), T3- Urea Formaldehído 10% N, y T4- Sin fertilización. Se evaluó semanalmente por 46 días el número total de hojas, largo y ancho de la hoja 3 y área foliar, junto a análisis químico de suelo y foliar. A la cosecha, se determinó producción, evaluación nutricional (foliar) de rollos completos y biomasa de cada tratamiento. Se confirmó que el “culantro coyote” requiere fertilización constante y oportuna, ya que el T4 (sin fertilización) fue el de menor cantidad de rollos y de tamaño de hojas; el T1 (manejo convencional) fue superior en productividad, seguido de T2 (Agrotain) y T3 (urea formaldehido). A nivel foliar, este último mantuvo valores constantes superiores de N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn y Mn, con respecto a los otros tratamientos.

Isolated photons with high transverse energy have been studied in deep inelastic ep scattering with the ZEUS detector at HERA, using an integrated luminosity of 326 pb−1 in the range of exchanged-photon virtuality 10-350 GeV2. Outgoing isolated photons with transverse energy 4 < E < 15 GeV and pseudorapidity − 0.7 < η γ < 0.9 were measured with accompanying jets having transverse energy and pseudorapidity 2.5 < E jet < 35 GeV and −1.5 < ηjet < 1.8, respectively. Differential cross sections are presented for the following variables: the fraction of the incoming photon energy and momentum that is transferred to the outgoing photon and the leading jet; the fraction of the incoming proton energy transferred to the photon and leading jet; the differences in azimuthal angle and pseudorapidity between the outgoing photon and the leading jet and between the outgoing photon and the scattered electron. Comparisons are made with theoretical predictions: a leading-logarithm Monte Carlo simulation, a next-to-leading-order QCD prediction, and a prediction using the k T -factorisation approach.

An International Comparison on industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers (PRTs) among the National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) of Spain, Panama, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Nicaragua began in 2013 and was successfully completed in 2014. Two PRTs were circulated (hand carried) and compared in the range from -38.8 °C up to 250 °C. The Centro Espanol de Metrologia (Spanish NMI), CEM, acted as the pilot laboratory providing the reference value of the comparison. The thermometers have shown an acceptable behavior throughout the comparison, therefore the results can be considered valid for comparing the measurement capabilities of the participant laboratories. The equivalence between the participant laboratories in the calibration of platinum resistance thermometers by comparison in the range from -38,8 °C up to 250 °C has been demonstrated in almost all cases. This report presents the results of this comparison and provides detailed information of the measurements performed by the participating laboratories. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCT, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Abstract The assembly and testing of the components which make up a detector plane for the Leading Proton Spectrometer is described. The spectrometer, a part of the ZEUS detector, utilizes single-sided DC-coupled silicon strip detectors and custom VLSI front-end electronics for readout.

We present a comparative characterization of the performance of a single-crystal and a polycrystalline diamond pixel-detector employing the standard CMS pixel readout chips. Measurements were carried out at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility, FTBF, using protons of momentum 120 GeV/c tracked by a high-resolution pixel telescope. Particular attention was directed to the study of the charge-collection, the charge-sharing among adjacent pixels and the achievable position resolution. The performance of the single-crystal detector was excellent and comparable to the best available silicon pixel-detectors. The measured average detection-efficiency was near unity, ε = 0.99860±0.00006, and the position-resolution for shared hits was about 6 μm. On the other hand, the performance of the polycrystalline detector was hampered by its lower charge collection distance and the readout chip threshold. A new readout chip, capable of operating at much lower threshold (around 1 ke−), would be required to fully exploit the potential performance of the polycrystalline diamond pixel-detector.

Abstract

A DGLAP next‐to‐leading‐order QCD analysis to extract the diffractive parton distribution functions, using DIS inclusive and dijet diffractive HERA data, is presented. Predictions based on the extracted parton densities are compared to diffractive dijet photoproduction data to discuss factorisation.

Preliminary montecarlo studies with a new diffractive event generator are presented.The experimental possibilities of the ZEUS apparatus at HERA are discussed.

Measurements of the proton structure function F2 in inclusive deep inelastic e+p scattering at HERA are presented. For events with a leading proton or neutron detected in the forward region, semi-inclusive cross sections are shown. The leading neutron data allowed a first estimate of the pion structure function at small x.

Isolated photons with high transverse energy have been studied in deep inelastic $ep$ scattering with the ZEUS detector at HERA, using an integrated luminosity of $326\,$ pb$^{-1}$ in the range of exchanged-photon virtuality $10 - 350$ GeV$^2$. Outgoing isolated photons with transverse energy $4<E_T^\gamma< 15$ GeV and pseudorapidity $-0.7 <\eta^\gamma< 0.9$ were measured with accompanying jets having transverse energy and pseudorapidity $2.5 <E_T^{jet}<35$ GeV and $-1.5<\eta^{jet}< 1.8$, respectively. Differential cross sections are presented for the following variables: the fraction of the incoming photon energy and momentum that is transferred to the outgoing photon and the leading jet; the fraction of the incoming proton energy transferred to the photon and leading jet; the differences in azimuthal angle and pseudorapidity between the outgoing photon and the leading jet and between the outgoing photon and the scattered electron. Comparisons are made with theoretical predictions: a leading-logarithm Monte Carlo simulation, a next-to-leading-order QCD prediction, and a prediction using the $k_T$-factorisation approach.

A rich program of forward physics, including very low‐x QCD dynamics, photon‐induced processes, underlying event and energy flow distributions, diffraction in the presence of a hard scale and even the Higgs boson search in central exclusive production, is being studied by the CMS Collaboration, taking advantage of the forward detector instrumentation around the CMS interaction point at the LHC.

The differential diagnosis of Parkinson desease versus other forms of pakinsonism is not easy to be achieved. Imaging of dopamine transporter binding by means of nuclear medicine techniques is often used to improve the probability of a correct diagnosis in the early stages. Crucial for this kind of studies is the correct determination of the dopamine transporter receptor density in the posterior part of the putamens. Unfortunately, tomographic images of these structures are strongly affected by the partial-volume effect (PVE). Since its correction is often tricky and difficult to realize, we propose here a method in which the nuclear medicine study is compared to virtual images derived from MRI. This method enhances the accuracy of the nuclear medicine procedure, helping the physician to differentiate between partial-volume effects and real hypofixation of the tracer, in particular in the early phase of the disease.

Charm production in charged current deep inelastic scattering has been measured for the first time in $e^{\pm}p$ collisions, using data collected with the ZEUS detector at HERA, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $358 pb^{-1}$. Results are presented separately for $e^{+}p$ and $e^{-}p$ scattering at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 318 GeV$ within a kinematic phase-space region of $200 GeV^{2}<Q^{2}<60000 GeV^{2}$ and $y<0.9$, where $Q^{2}$ is the squared four-momentum transfer and $y$ is the inelasticity. The measured cross sections of electroweak charm production are consistent with expectations from the Standard Model within the large statistical uncertainties.

This document is the Final Report of the Inter-American Metrology System supplementary comparison on pistonphone calibration SIM.AUV.A-S2. Seven national metrology institutes participated on this comparison: CENAM/Mexico, INACAL/Peru, INMETRO/Brazil, INTI/Argentina, LACOMET/Costa Rica, NIST/USA and NRC/Canada and INMETRO was the pilot institute responsible for its coordination. One pistonphone was circulated among the participants to carry out calibrations according to the international standard IEC 60942:2017 using both LS1P and LS2P measurement microphones. Beyond the mandatory measurement of the sound pressure level, it was requested to the participants report measurement results of frequency, total harmonic distortion and total distortion + noise for the purpose of investigation. For sound pressure level and frequency measurement results, supplementary comparison reference values (SCRVs) were determined using the weighted mean method and the corresponding degrees of equivalence obtained between each participant and the SCRV are presented. For total harmonic distortion and total distortion + noise measurements, SCRVs were not calculated and the values reported by participants are compared with the calculated arithmetic mean and weighted mean values. Overall, the supplementary comparison SIM.AUV.A-S2 was considered successful and fits its purpose. Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report . Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/ . The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCAUV, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

The current technique of cancer radiotherapy makes use of radiation beams directed on the body of the patient to deposit a large amount of energy in the tumour cells. Very positive results have been obtained using photon beams and a significant improvement can be expected with the use of light ion beams. Along these lines, in the framework of the TERA project, we are developing a sampling clorimeter made of tissue-equivalent absorber and Micro Strip Gas Chambers (MSGC). The purpose is to study the energy deposition, fragmentation and track structure of light ions in tissue equivalent material. Preliminary results obtained with a MSGCs telescope in a carbon beam with an energy of 270 MeV/u are presented and compared with Monte-Carlo calculations.

Preliminary montecarlo studies a new diffractive event generator are presented. The experimental possibilities of the ZEUS apparatus at HERA are discussed.

Collective behaviour of final-state hadrons, and multiparton interactions are studied in high-multiplicity $ep$ scattering at a centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=318$ GeV with the ZEUS detector at HERA. Two- and four-particle azimuthal correlations, as well as multiplicity, transverse momentum, and pseudorapidity distributions for charged-particle multiplicities $N_{\textrm{ch}} \geq 20$ are measured. The dependence of two-particle correlations on the virtuality of the exchanged photon shows a clear transition from photoproduction to neutral current deep inelastic scattering. For the multiplicities studied, neither the measurements in photoproduction processes nor those in neutral current deep inelastic scattering indicate significant collective behaviour of the kind observed in high-multiplicity hadronic collisions at RHIC and the LHC. Comparisons of PYTHIA predictions with the measurements in photoproduction strongly indicate the presence of multiparton interactions from hadronic fluctuations of the exchanged photon.