A. Schmidt

Jet substructure has emerged to play a central role at the Large Hadron Collider, where it has provided numerous innovative ways to search for new physics and to probe the Standard Model, particularly in extreme regions of phase space. In this article we focus on a review of the development and use of state-of-the-art jet substructure techniques by the ATLAS and CMS experiments.

This report of the BOOST2012 workshop presents the results of four working groups that studied key aspects of jet substructure. We discuss the potential of first-principle QCD calculations to yield a precise description of the substructure of jets and study the accuracy of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo tools. Limitations of the experiments' ability to resolve substructure are evaluated, with a focus on the impact of additional (pile-up) proton proton collisions on jet substructure performance in future LHC operating scenarios. A final section summarizes the lessons learnt from jet substructure analyses in searches for new physics in the production of boosted top quarks.

The axion emerges in extensions of the Standard Model that explain the absence of CP violation in the strong interactions. Simultaneously, it can provide naturally the cold dark matter in our universe. Several searches for axions and axion-like particles (ALPs) have constrained the corresponding parameter space over the last decades but no unambiguous hints of their existence have been found. The axion mass range below 1 meV remains highly attractive and a well motivated region for dark matter axions. In this White Paper we present a description of a new experiment based on the concept of a dielectric haloscope for the direct search of dark matter axions in the mass range of 40 to 400 $$\upmu \hbox {eV}$$ . This MAgnetized Disk and Mirror Axion eXperiment (MADMAX) will consist of several parallel dielectric disks, which are placed in a strong magnetic field and with adjustable separations. This setting is expected to allow for an observable emission of axion induced electromagnetic waves at a frequency between 10 to 100 GHz corresponding to the axion mass.

The emergent electromagnetic properties of nanoparticle self-assemblies are being harnessed to build new medical and biochemical assays with unprecedented sensitivity. While current self-assembly assays have displayed superior sensitivity for single molecular targets, the development of systems with the capacity to process multiple inputs may more effectively decipher complex disease signatures such as cancer. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of nanoparticles that perform Boolean logic operations using two proteolytic inputs associated with unique aspects of tumorigenesis (MMP2 and MMP7). Using dynamic light scatting, fluorescence, and MRI, we show that logical AND and OR functions can control the self-assembly of disperse superparamagnetic nanoparticles and enable remote, NMR detection of nanoparticle computation. In the future, by increasing the complexity of assembly triggers, nanoparticles may be tailored to sense a diversity of disease inputs in vitro and potentially in vivo.

The Prokof’ev–Svistunov worm algorithm was originally developed for models with nearest neighbor interactions that in a high temperature expansion are mapped to systems of closed loops. In this work we present the surface worm algorithm (SWA) which is a generalization of the worm algorithm concept to abelian Gauge–Higgs models on a lattice which can be mapped to systems of surfaces and loops (dual representation). Using Gauge–Higgs models with gauge groups Z3 and U(1) we compare the SWA to the conventional approach and to a local update in the dual representation. For the Z3 case we also consider finite chemical potential where the conventional representation has a sign problem which is overcome in the dual representation. For a wide range of parameters we find that the SWA clearly outperforms the local update.

Abstract LOPES, the LOFAR prototype station, was an antenna array for cosmic-ray air showers operating from 2003 to 2013 within the KASCADE-Grande experiment. Meanwhile, the analysis is finished and the data of air-shower events measured by LOPES are available with open access in the KASCADE Cosmic Ray Data Center (KCDC). This article intends to provide a summary of the achievements, results, and lessons learned from LOPES. By digital, interferometric beamforming the detection of air showers became possible in the radio-loud environment of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). As a prototype experiment, LOPES tested several antenna types, array configurations and calibration techniques, and pioneered analysis methods for the reconstruction of the most important shower parameters, i.e., the arrival direction, the energy, and mass-dependent observables such as the position of the shower maximum. In addition to a review and update of previously published results, we also present new results based on end-to-end simulations including all known instrumental properties. For this, we applied the detector response to radio signals simulated with the CoREAS extension of CORSIKA, and analyzed them in the same way as measured data. Thus, we were able to study the detector performance more accurately than before, including some previously inaccessible features such as the impact of noise on the interferometric cross-correlation beam. These results led to several improvements, which are documented in this paper and can provide useful input for the design of future cosmic-ray experiments based on the digital radio-detection technique.

First 7 TeV proton-proton collisions produced by the Large Hadron Collider at CERN have been recorded by the CMS experiment in 2010.The ability to accurately and efficiently reconstruct the trajectories of charged particles produced in these collisions is a critical component for most measurements at the LHC.Several methods for determining the efficiency and measuring the resolution of track parameters using the first data collected by the detector are presented.The trajectories of charged particles are the key elements for the reconstruction of the primary interaction vertex and for the identification of jets containing the products of a B-hadron weak decay.The distributions of the key observables, such as track impact parameters and vertex properties, are compared with the prediction of Monte Carlo simulation.Finally the performance of vertex reconstruction and B identification algorithms are derived with data-driven methods.

The U(1) gauge-Higgs model with two flavors of opposite charge and a chemical potential is mapped exactly to a dual representation where matter fields correspond to loops of flux and the gauge fields are represented by surfaces. The complex action problem of the conventional formulation at finite chemical potential mu is overcome in the dual representation and the partition sum has only real and non-zero contributions. We simulate the model in the dual representation using a generalized worm algorithm, explore the phase diagram and study condensation phenomena at finite mu.

wandelte sich im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts in der europaischen Wahrnehmung von der vorzivilisatorischen Utopie zu einem Zukunftsmodell, in dem wie in einem Brennspiegel alle Chancen und Gefahren der burgerlichen Gesellschaft aufschienen. Hauptakteur dieses Diskurses uber Modernisierungshoffnungen und -angste innerhalb der europaischen Gesellschaften war das Burgertum in all seinen bildungs- und besitzburgerlichen Auspragungen vom Pfarrer bis zum Unternehmer, was fur Deutschland ebenso wie fur Frankreich, England oder Italien gilt.Anhand verschiedenster Themenfelder des Diskurses wie soziale Gleichheit und Mobilitat, Wirtschaft und Staat, Familenformen und Geschlechterbeziehungen, Mentalitaten und Bildungsstrukturen sowie Stadtebau und Wohnen wird gezeigt, wie das deutsche Burgertum mental auf die Herausforderung der amerikanischen Gesellschaft reagierte. Im Vergleich mit den Reaktionen des britischen und franzosischen Burgertums zeigen sich dabei erstaunliche Parallelen, die entgegen der Sonderwegsthese eine Fulle von kulturellen Gemeinsamkeiten des europaischen Burgertums zum Vorschein bringen? Gemeinsamkeiten, denen sich die Europaer trotz aller nationalistischen Exzesse gerade in der Konfrontation mit den USA teilweise durchaus bewut wurden. Trotz der Faszination durch viele Modernisierungselemente erschien dem europaischen Burgertum die Dynamik der burgerlichen Gesellschaft in den USA insgesamt zu radikal und ungebremst, zu egalitar und revolutionar, so da vor 1914 die Herausforderung des Modells Amerika noch einmal relativiert werden konnte - was sich nach 1918 andern sollte, auch wenn die Elemente des Diskurses im Kern die gleichen blieben.

We discuss a representation of the ${Z}_{3}$ gauge-Higgs lattice field theory at finite density in terms of dual variables, i.e., loops of flux and surfaces. In the dual representation the complex action problem of the conventional formulation is resolved and Monte Carlo simulations at arbitrary chemical potential become possible. A suitable algorithm based on plaquette occupation numbers and link fluxes is introduced and we analyze the model at zero temperature and finite density both in the weak and strong coupling phases. We show that at zero temperature the model has different first order phase transitions as a function of the chemical potential both for the weak and strong coupling phases. The exploratory study demonstrates that alternative degrees of freedom may successfully be used for Monte Carlo simulations in several systems with gauge and matter fields.

We analyze properties of local Polyakov loops using quenched as well as dynamical SU(3) gauge configurations for a wide range of temperatures. It is demonstrated that for both, the confined and the deconfined regime, the local Polyakov loop prefers phase values near the center elements 1,e±i2π/3. We divide the lattice sites into three sectors according to these phases and show that the sectors give rise to the formation of clusters. For a suitable definition of these clusters we find that in the quenched case deconfinement manifests itself as the onset of percolation of the clusters. A possible continuum limit of the center clusters is discussed.

Production yields of single-$\Lambda$ hypernuclei from simulated peripheral annihilations of antiprotons after capture on various target nuclei are reported. The initial annihilation process and the production of excited hypernuclei are estimated within the GiBUU transport framework, while their deexcitation process is treated with the ABLA++ code. The yield of excited hypernuclei range from $\sim$ 0.3% for $^{16}$O to $\sim$ 1.2% for $^{132}$Xe per annihilation, consistent with previous measurements at LEAR, CERN. The yield of specific ground state hypernuclei after deexcitation reaches up to a few 10$^{-4}$ per annihilation. The hypernuclei are produced in strangeness exchange reactions occuring between a nucleon of the target and the kaons originating from the annihilation in $\sim$ 80% of the cases, while the strangeness pair production in secondary pion-nucleon collision contributes to the remaining $\sim$ 20%. The simulations indicate that antiproton annihilations at rest on different nuclei could populate a wide range of so-far unexplored hypernuclei.

Abstract The reciprocity approach is a powerful method to determine the expected signal power of axion haloscopes in a model-independent way. Especially for open and broadband setups like the MADMAX dielectric haloscope the sensitivity to the axion field is difficult to calibrate since they do not allow discrete eigenmode analysis and are optically too large to fully simulate. The central idea of the reciprocity approach is to measure a reflection-induced test field in the setup instead of trying to simulate the axion-induced field. In this article, the reciprocity approach is used to determine the expected signal power of a dish antenna and a minimal dielectric haloscope directly from measurements. The results match expectations from simulation but also include important systematic effects that are too difficult to simulate. In particular, the effect of antenna standing waves and higher order mode perturbations can be quantified for the first time in a dielectric haloscope.

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Recent effort related to cognitive radio systems has lead to an in-depth analysis of context information management and exploitation based on a cognitive control channel for enhancement of management needed for, say, suitable link selection in a heterogeneous radio framework, dynamic radio resource management, and distributed sensing. Concerning the actual implementation of such a CCC, the focus was recently moved toward an in-band solution, where the information is transported building on existing radio access technologies. In this scope, this article illustrates relevant technical scenarios in which CCCs can be exploited and outlines a set of derived system requirements. The article provides an overview of various possible RAT independent and dependent implementation options, such as Diameter, distributed agents, 3GPP radio resource control (RRC) mechanisms, IEEE 802.21, IEEE 802.11, WiMedia UWB, and Bluetooth. The advantages and drawbacks of the various options are discussed.

We review the theoretical and experimental situation for long-lived heavy quarks, or bound states thereof, arising in simple extensions of the Standard Model. If these particles propagate large distances before their decay, they give rise to specific signatures requiring dedicated analysis methods. In particular, vector-like quarks with negligible couplings to the three known families could have eluded the past experimental searches. While most analyses assume prompt decays at the production vertex, novel heavy quarks might lead to signatures involving displaced vertices, new hadronic bound states, or decays happening outside of the detector acceptance. We perform reinterpretations of existing searches for short- and long-lived particles, and give suggestions on how to extend their reach to long-lived heavy quarks.

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a phenomenon that can cause hotspots in city areas due to dense, impervious infrastructure and minimal vegetation cover. UHI hotspots may become worse in extreme heat events that are already affecting many regions across the globe due to increased frequent hot extremes, human-induced warming in cities, and rapidly growing urbanization, as documented by the latest IPCC report 2021. In seeking to support designers, planners, and decision-makers in developing and implementing adaptation strategies and measures to make our cities sustainable and resilient, reliable projections and modelling are required. In this study, we modelled UHI vulnerability using high-resolution spatial data, advanced geospatial tools, and socio-demographic data. This modified vulnerability approach drew upon UHI index maps and 20 select customized indicators of heat exposure, population sensitivity, and mobility/adaptive capacity. The indicators were Delphi evaluated and weighted, and the methodology was applied against the City of Greater Geelong municipality in Australia. The resulting UHI index maps indicated significant hotspots in areas of high building density, commercial/industrial zones, newly constructed sites, and zones with low urban green infrastructure. These UHI maps, in combination with selected indicators, highlighted the areal concentration of heat risk areas and vulnerable locations for the sensitive human population. The highlighted areas were primarily concentrated in high building density and high population density areas, which was seen through correlation curves. However, the building density showed a weak correlation, and population per meshblock indicated a strong correlation with UHI measurements. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of risk mapping and vulnerability assessment using GIS geospatial data for the advancement of a major local government area and concludes that this methodology has replicability incomparable geographical regions.

Motivated by the success of the flavour physics programme carried out over the last decade at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), we characterize in detail the physics potential of its High-Luminosity and High-Energy upgrades in this domain of physics. We document the extraordinary breadth of the HL/HE-LHC programme enabled by a putative Upgrade II of the dedicated flavour physics experiment LHCb and the evolution of the established flavour physics role of the ATLAS and CMS general purpose experiments. We connect the dedicated flavour physics programme to studies of the top quark, Higgs boson, and direct high-$p_T$ searches for new particles and force carriers. We discuss the complementarity of their discovery potential for physics beyond the Standard Model, affirming the necessity to fully exploit the LHC's flavour physics potential throughout its upgrade eras.

Properties of local Polyakov loops for SU(2) and SU(3) lattice gauge theory at finite temperature are analyzed. We show that spatial clusters can be identified where the local Polyakov loops have values close to the same center element. For a suitable definition of these clusters the deconfinement transition can be characterized by the onset of percolation in one of the center sectors. The analysis is repeated for different resolution scales of the lattice and we argue that the center clusters have a continuum limit.

The decay, , is dominant for a Standard Model Higgs boson in the mass range just above the exclusion limit of 114.4 GeV/c2 reported by the LEP experiments. Unfortunately, an overwhelming abundance of events arising from more mundane sources, together with the lack of precision inherent in the reconstruction of the Higgs mass, renders this decay mode a priori undetectable in the case of direct Higgs production at the LHC. It is therefore of no small interest to investigate whether can be observed in those cases where the Higgs is produced in association with other massive particles. In this note, the results of a study of Higgs bosons produced in association with top quarks and decaying via are presented. The study was performed as realistically as possible by employing a full and detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the CMS detector followed by the application of trigger and reconstruction algorithms that were developed for use with real data. Important systematic effects resulting from such sources as the uncertainties in the jet energy scale and the estimated rates for correctly tagging b jets or mistagging non-b jets have been taken into account. The impact of large theoretical uncertainties in the cross sections for plus N jets processes due to an absence of next-to-leading order calculations is also considered.

This article presents a collection of simulation studies using the ECCE detector concept in the context of the EIC's exclusive, diffractive, and tagging physics program, which aims to further explore the rich quark-gluon structure of nucleons and nuclei. To successfully execute the program, ECCE proposed to utilize the detecter system close to the beamline to ensure exclusivity and tag ion beam/fragments for a particular reaction of interest. Preliminary studies confirmed the proposed technology and design satisfy the requirements. The projected physics impact results are based on the projected detector performance from the simulation at 10 or 100 fb^-1 of integrated luminosity. Additionally, a few insights on the potential 2nd Interaction Region can (IR) were also documented which could serve as a guidepost for the future development of a second EIC detector.

Connective tissue grafts have become a standard for compensating horizontal volume loss in immediate implant placement. The use of new biomaterials like acellular matrices may avoid the need to harvest autogenous grafts, yielding less postoperative morbidity. This randomized comparative study evaluated the clinical outcomes following extraction and immediate implant placement in conjunction with anorganic bovine bone mineral (ABBM) and the use of a porcine acellular dermal matrix (ADM) vs an autogenous connective tissue graft (CTG) in the anterior maxilla. Twenty patients (11 men, 9 women) with a mean age of 48.9 years (range: 21 to 72 years) were included in the study and randomly assigned to either the test (ADM) or control (CTG) group. They underwent tooth extraction and immediate implant placement together with ABBM for socket grafting and either ADM or CTG for soft tissue augmentation. Twelve months after implant placement, the cases were evaluated clinically and volumetrically. All implants achieved osseointegration and were restored. The average horizontal change of the ridge dimension at 1 year postsurgery was -0.55 ± 0.32 mm for the ADM group and -0.60 ± 0.49 mm for the CTG group. Patients of the ADM group reported significantly less postoperative pain. Using xenografts for hard and soft tissue augmentation in conjunction with immediate implant placement showed no difference in the volume change in comparison to an autogenous soft tissue graft, and showed significantly less postoperative morbidity.

A large-chamber scanning electron microscope (LC-SEM) provides an ideal platform for the installation of large-scale in situ experiments. Our LC-SEM has internal chamber dimensions of 1,2 × 1,3 × 1,4 m3 (W × H × D) (Fig.1) and makes it possible to incorporate novel in situ experimental devices, which are reported on here. The present manuscript describes in detail the development of in situ test equipment for the study of a broad range of processes in production engineering. Direct observation of the materials modification mechanisms provides fundamental insight into the underlying process characteristics. An in situ turning device was developed, tested and used to observe the chip formation on the microstructure scale of a 43CrMo4-sample. Laser beam micro welding was integrated into the LC-SEM to achieve in situ analysis of the welding process on stainless steel 1.4310. A heating module was employed for in situ wetting experiments to observe the formation and solidification of the melt of a tin-copper brazing filler on an aluminium cast alloy.

A new pixel detector for the CMS experiment was built in order to cope with the instantaneous luminosities anticipated for the Phase~I Upgrade of the LHC. The new CMS pixel detector provides four-hit tracking with a reduced material budget as well as new cooling and powering schemes. A new front-end readout chip mitigates buffering and bandwidth limitations, and allows operation at low comparator thresholds. In this paper, comprehensive test beam studies are presented, which have been conducted to verify the design and to quantify the performance of the new detector assemblies in terms of tracking efficiency and spatial resolution. Under optimal conditions, the tracking efficiency is $99.95\pm0.05\,\%$, while the intrinsic spatial resolutions are $4.80\pm0.25\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $7.99\pm0.21\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ along the $100\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $150\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ pixel pitch, respectively. The findings are compared to a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the pixel detector and good agreement is found.

Analog circuits realized in a PD-SOI (partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator) CMOS technology for a wide temperature range up to 400°C are significantly affected by the transistor characteristics at high temperatures. As leakage currents increase with temperature, the analog device performance, for example, intrinsic gain and bandwidth, tend to decrease. Both effects influence the precision of analog circuits and lead to malfunction of the circuitry at high temperatures. Enhancement of the MOSFET device performance and improved design techniques are required to handle these issues. In this paper, we demonstrate that RBB (reverse body biasing) is a useful method to improve the analog performance of PD-SOI transistors and also to push the limit of analog circuit design in SOI technology beyond 300°C. It allows beneficial FD (fully depleted) device characteristics in a 1.0 μm PD-SOI CMOS technology by manipulating the depletion condition of the silicon film. Due to reduced leakage currents, operation in the moderate inversion region of the SOI transistor device up to 400°C is feasible. The method is verified by experimental results of transistors with an H-shaped gate (HGATE), an analog switch, current mirrors, a two-stage operational amplifier, and a bandgap voltage reference. The normalized leakage current of HGATE devices at high temperatures can be reduced by more than one order of magnitude. Thereby, the gm/Id factor is improved significantly especially in the moderate inversion region, which has been inaccessible due to leakage currents. As a result, the intrinsic gain of HGATE transistors is improved. As the method has also been applied to essential analog circuits, it has been found that RBB significantly reduces the errors related to leakage currents and enables the operation of analog circuits in PD-SOI technology up to 400°C.

The Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN includes a silicon pixel detector as its innermost component. Its main task is the precise reconstruction of charged particles close to the primary interaction vertex. This paper gives an overview of the mechanical requirements and design choices for the barrel pixel detector. The distribution of material in the detector as well as its description in the Monte Carlo simulation are discussed in detail.

Viral respiratory infections continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality in infants and young children as well as in at-risk adults and the elderly. Although many viral pathogens are capable of causing acute respiratory disease, vaccine development has to focus on a limited number of pathogens (i.e., agents that commonly cause serious lower respiratory disease). Inactivated and, more recently, live attenuated influenza virus vaccines are the mainstay of interpandemic influenza prevention, but vaccines are not available yet for other important viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, the parainfluenza viruses, and avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential. Reverse genetics systems that allow rational vaccine development are now widely used, and considerable progress has been made in preclinical and clinical development of novel respiratory virus vaccines.

Abstract In this work, the relaxation of residual stresses inside a sample made of the aluminum alloy AlSi7Mg0.3 after tempering is described. The comparison of stress evaluation by X‐ray diffraction and incremental hole drilling method combined with electronic speckle pattern interferometry strain determination gives the opportunity to evaluate micro stresses together with first order macro stresses. Compressive stresses within the surface of a cold worked sample are relaxed by tempering. The X‐ray diffraction evaluation is supported by the analysis of a stress‐free sample through incremental hole drilling method.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200799.].

The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is a project to increase the luminosity of the Large Hadron Collider to 5 · 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">34</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . The CMS experiment at CERN is planning a major upgrade in order to cope with an expected average number of overlapping collisions per bunch crossing of 140. A key element of this upgrade will be the introduction of tracker information at the very first stages of the trigger system for which several possible hardware implementations are under study. In particular the adoption of Graphics Processing Units in the first level of the trigger system is currently being investigated in several HEP experiments. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are massively parallel architectures that can be programmed using extensions to the standard C and C++ languages. In a synchronous system they have been proven to be highly reliable and to show a deterministic time response even in presence of branch divergences. These two features allow GPUs to be well suited to run pattern recognition algorithms on detector data in a trigger environment. Our discussion of an implementation of a track trigger system based on GPUs will include a description of the framework developed for moving data from and to multiple GPUs using GPUDirect and executing pattern recognition algorithms.

Image enhancement algorithms are very useful for real world computer vision tasks where image resolution is often physically limited by the sensor size. While state-of-the-art deep neural networks show impressive results for image enhancement, they often struggle to enhance real-world images. In this work, we tackle a real-world setting: inpainting of images from Dunhuang caves. The Dunhuang dataset consists of murals, half of which suffer from corrosion and aging. These murals feature a range of rich content, such as Buddha statues, bodhisattvas, sponsors, architecture, dance, music, and decorative patterns designed by different artists spanning ten centuries, which makes manual restoration challenging. We modify two different existing methods (CAR, HINet) that are based upon state-of-the-art (SOTA) super resolution and deblurring networks. We show that those can successfully inpaint and enhance these deteriorated cave paintings. We further show that a novel combination of CAR and HINet, resulting in our proposed inpainting network (ARIN), is very robust to external noise, especially Gaussian noise. To this end, we present a quantitative and qualitative comparison of our proposed approach with existing SOTA networks and winners of the Dunhuang challenge. One of the proposed methods (HINet) represents the new state of the art and outperforms the 1st place of the Dunhuang Challenge, while our combination ARIN, which is robust to noise, is comparable to the 1st place. We also present and discuss qualitative results showing the impact of our method for inpainting on Dunhuang cave images.

At the CHEP03 conference, we launched the Physics Analysis eXpert (PAX), a C++ toolkit released for the use in advanced high energy physics (HEP) analyses. This toolkit allows to define a level of abstraction beyond detector reconstruction by providing a general, persistent container model for HEP events. Physics objects such as particles, vertices and collisions can easily be stored, accessed and manipulated. Bookkeeping of relations between these objects (like decay trees, vertex and collision separation, etc.) including deep copies is fully provided by the relation management. Event container and associated objects represent a uniform interface for algorithms and facilitate the parallel development and evaluation of different physics interpretations of individual events. So-called analysis factories, which actively identify and distinguish different physics processes and study systematic uncertainties, can easily be realized with the PAX toolkit. PAX is officially released to experiments at Tevatron and LHC. Being explored by a growing user community, it is applied in a number of complex physics analyses, two of which are presented here. We report the successful application in studies of tt~ production at the Tevatron and Higgs searches in the channel tt~H at the LHC and give a short outlook on further developments.

We study abelian gauge-Higgs models on the lattice and consider gauge groups Z(3) and U(1). For both cases the partition sums are mapped exactly to a dual representation where the degrees of freedom are surfaces for the gauge fields and loops of flux that may serve as boundaries for the surfaces represent the matter fields. Also at finite chemical potential the dual partition sums have only real and positive contributions and the complex action problem of the conventional representation is overcome in the dual approach. We apply a local Metropolis update for the dual degrees of freedom, as well as a generalization of the worm algorithm to bounded surfaces. Results that illustrate condensation phenomena as a function of chemical potential are discussed.

A Cherenkov Detector of DIRC type is envisaged for the WASA at COSY experiment to improve particle identification and energy resolution. In this context multianode photomultipliers (MAPMTs) for photon detection and different radiator materials have been investigated for their usability. Several PMMA (Plexiglas)/fused silica radiators with variously treated surfaces and two different prototypes, consisting of a radiator bar and a focusing optics, were tested using the external COSY beam. The results of these studies are presented and also compared with simulations.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to “Comparison of Different Sample Preparation Protocols Reveals Lysis Buffer-Specific Extraction Biases in Gram-Negative Bacteria and Human Cells”Timo Glatter*, Erik Ahrné, and Alexander Schmidt*Cite this: J. Proteome Res. 2016, 15, 2, 679Publication Date (Web):January 19, 2016Publication History Published online19 January 2016Published inissue 5 February 2016https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00012Copyright © 2016 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1086Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (441 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Abstract The WASA-at-COSY experiment allows the study of production and decay of η and η ′ mesons in proton–proton reactions. At the moment the Forward Range Hodoscope (FRH) in the forward angle spectrometer region determines the identity of the particles by measuring the energy loss Δ E − E . Simulations concerning the estimated background have shown that an additional ring imaging Cherenkov detector in front of the FRH would significantly improve the particle identification and the energy resolution as well. Due to the very limited space available at the intended detector position, the development of a DIRC (Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light) detection system based on Plexiglas (PMMA) radiators is under discussion. In order to show the feasibility, two different prototypes, consisting of a square PMMA radiator bar and a PMMA focusing element were tested using the COSY proton beam. One focusing element is based on an internal reflecting polynomial shape surface, the other is based on a mirrored circular shape surface. The photon readout in the focal plane is done by Hamamatsu H8500C 64 channel multianode photomultipliertubes (MAPMT). In addition, new MAPMTs with higher quantum efficiency were studied in order to increase the number of detected photons.

We explore two flavor scalar electrodynamics on the lattice, which has a complex phase problem at finite chemical potential. By rewriting the action in terms of dual variables this complex phase problem can be solved exactly. The dual variables are link- and plaquette occupation numbers, subject to local constraints that have to be respected by the Monte Carlo algorithm. For the simulation we use a local update as well as the newly developed surface worm algorithm, which is a generalization of the Prokof'ev Svistunov worm algorithm concept for simulating the dual representation of abelian Gauge-Higgs models on a lattice. We assess the performance of the two algorithms, present results for the phase diagram and discuss condensation phenomena.

Article XXVI. Wiederkehr gleicher Flächenwinkel im regulären Krystallsysteme was published on November 1, 1896 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials (volume 25, issue 1-6).

Virtuelle Räume bestimmen unsere Kultur heute bereits mehr, als uns bewusst ist. Wir betreten sie sowohl zur Unterhaltung, beim Spielen und Lernen, als auch in der Architektur und in industriellen Arbeitsprozessen. Zugleich steht eine kritisch reflektierende Beschäftigung mit der Ästhetik der simulierten Bildräume, den Prämissen ihres Entstehens und den von ihnen ausgehenden Handlungsangeboten noch weitgehend aus. Zwölf Beiträge aus angewandten Bereichen in Forschung und Technik, experimentellen Ansätzen in Architektur, Kunst und Theater sowie aus theoretisch-historischer Perspektive geben erhellende Einblicke in den kulturell und gesellschaftlich zunehmend bedeutsamen Bereich digitaler Raumkonzepte und virtueller Realitäten und loten deren ästhetischen wie auch performativ-praktischen Potenziale aus.

Distributions of neuronal activity within cortical circuits are often found to display highly skewed shapes with many neurons emitting action potentials at low or vanishing rates, while some are active at high rates. Theoretical studies were able to reproduce such distributions, but come with a lack of mathematical tractability, preventing a deeper understanding of the impact of model parameters. In this study, using the Gauss-Rice neuron model, we present a balanced-state cortical circuit model for which the firing rate distribution can be exactly calculated. It offers selfconsistent solutions to recurrent neuronal networks and allows for the combination of multiple neuronal populations, with single or multiple synaptic receptors (e.g. AMPA and NMDA in excitatory populations), paving the way for a deeper understanding of how firing rate distributions are impacted by single neuron or synaptic properties.

We propose a new approach of jet-based event reconstruction that aims to optimally exploit correlations between the products of a hadronic multi-pronged decay across all Lorentz boost regimes. The new approach utilizes clustered small-radius jets as seeds to define unconventional jets, referred to as PAIReD jets. The constituents of these jets are subsequently used as inputs to machine learning-based algorithms to identify the flavor content of the jet. We demonstrate that this approach achieves higher efficiencies in the reconstruction of signal events containing heavy-flavor jets compared to other event reconstruction strategies at all Lorentz boost regimes. Classifiers trained on PAIReD jets also have significantly better background rejections compared to those based on traditional event reconstruction approaches using small-radius jets at low Lorentz boost regimes. The combined effect of a higher signal reconstruction efficiency and better classification performance results in a two to four times stronger rejection of light-flavor jets compared to conventional strategies at low Lorentz-boosts, and rejection rates similar to classifiers based on large-radius multi-pronged jets at high Lorentz-boost regimes.

Abstract Many processes may be used for manufacturing functionally graded materials. Among them, additive manufacturing seems to be predestined due to near-net shape manufacturing of complex geometries combined with the possibility of applying different materials in one component. By adjusting the powder composition of the starting material layer by layer, a macroscopic and step-like gradient can be achieved. To further improve the step-like gradient, an enhancement of the in-situ mixing degree, which is limited according to the state of the art, is necessary. In this paper, a novel technique for an enhancement of the in-situ material mixing degree in the melt pool by applying laser remelting (LR) is described. The effect of layer-wise LR on the formation of the interface was investigated using pure copper and low-alloy steel in a laser powder bed fusion process. Subsequent cross-sectional selective electron microscopic analyses were carried out. By applying LR, the mixing degree was enhanced, and the reaction zone thickness between the materials was increased. Moreover, an additional copper and iron-based phase was formed in the interface, resulting in a smoother gradient of the chemical composition than the case without LR. The Marangoni convection flow and thermal diffusion are the driving forces for the observed effect.

PAX (Physics Analysis Expert) is a novel, C++ based toolkit designed to assist teams in particle physics data analysis issues. The core of PAX are event interpretation containers, holding relevant information about and possible interpretations of a physics event. Providing this new level of abstraction beyond the results of the detector reconstruction programs, PAX facilitates the buildup and use of modern analysis factories. Class structure and user command syntax of PAX are set up to support expert teams as well as newcomers in preparing for the challenges expected to arise in the data analysis at future hadron colliders.

Mit der Einführung der Verbandsklage im Naturschutzrecht auf Bundesebene im Jahr 2002 werden den anerkannten Umwelt- und Naturschutzverbänden in Deutschland neue und umfassendere Klagemöglichkeiten ge

Die Pflegebrille nutzt Datenbrillen, um Pflegekräfte mittels Augmented Reality während der Ausübung von Pflegetätigkeiten zu unterstützen. Das Pflegefachpersonal kann so Daten zu Patient*innen einsehen oder dokumentieren, Anleitungen erhalten und nutzen, sowie mit Kolleg*innen oder Expert*innen Rücksprache halten, während sie Patient*innen versorgen und dabei ihre Hände frei für die Versorgung haben. Die Pflegebrille wurde mit Expert*innen und Praktiker*innen aus der Pflege entwickelt und befindet sich derzeit in der Langzeiterprobung bei Pflegedienstleistungsunternehmen. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Entstehung und das Konzept der Pflegebrille, stellt Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt vor und diskutiert Erfolgsfaktoren bei der Umsetzung des Projekts.

Abstract Many new TB vaccine candidates in the development pipeline need to be studied in people with HIV. People with HIV are at high risk of developing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and TB disease and tend to develop less robust vaccine induced immune responses. Many questions remain unanswered regarding priority vaccine indications, clinical trial design, measures of safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy considerations for people with HIV. To address these gaps, a roadmap for developing TB vaccines for people with HIV was developed through a series of symposia that posed framing questions to a panel of international experts for discussion. Framing questions specific to people with HIV included: 1) What is the use case or rationale for developing TB vaccines?; 2) What is the landscape of TB vaccines?; 3) Which vaccine candidates should be prioritized ?; 4) What are the TB vaccine trial design considerations?; 5) What is the role of immunological correlates of protection?; and 6) What are the gaps in preclinical models for studying TB vaccines? We provide a summary of our roadmap with the intention of informing TB vaccine development and the prioritization of clinical trials for inclusion of people with HIV.

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2007 in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, August 5 – August 9, 2007

The WASA-at-COSY experiment at the Forschungszentrum Jlich provides a nearly 4π detector including a forward spectrometer especially for studies on η and η' meson decays in proton-proton collisions. Simulations have shown that an additional detector of internally reflected Cherenkov light in front of the Forward Range Hodoscope improves the particle identification and energy resolution significantly. As a first prototype test has shown the feasibility, a large scale prototype is under construction. The concept and status of the enhanced prototype, optical performance studies and main characteristics of the used photomultiplier tubes and imaging properties of the PMMA optics are described.

We study condensation in two-flavored, scalar QED with non-degenerate masses at finite chemical potential. The conventional formulation of the theory has a sign problem at finite density which can be solved using an exact reformulation of the theory in terms of dual variables. We perform a Monte Carlo simulation in the dual representation and observe a condensation at a critical chemical potential mc. After determining the low-energy spectrum of the theory we try to establish a connection between mc and the mass of the lightest excitation of the system, which are naively expected to be equal. It turns out, however, that the relation of the critical chemical potential to the mass spectrum in this case is non-trivial: Taking into account the form of the condensate and making some simplifying assumptions we suggest an adequate explanation which is supported by numerical results.

We study condensation in two-flavored, scalar QED with non-degenerate masses at finite chemical potential. The conventional formulation of the theory has a sign problem at finite density which can be solved using an exact reformulation of the theory in terms of dual variables. We perform a Monte Carlo simulation in the dual representation and observe a condensation at a critical chemical potential $\mu_c$. After determining the low-energy spectrum of the theory we try to establish a connection between $\mu_c$ and the mass of the lightest excitation of the system, which are naively expected to be equal. It turns out, however, that the relation of the critical chemical potential to the mass spectrum in this case is non-trivial: Taking into account the form of the condensate and making some simplifying assumptions we suggest an adequate explanation which is supported by numerical results.

The Physics Analysis eXpert (PAX) is an open source toolkit for high energy physics analysis. The C++ class collection provided by PAX is deployed in a number of analyses with complex event topologies at Tevatron and LHC. In this article, we summarize basic concepts and class structure of the PAX kernel. We report about the most recent developments of the kernel and introduce two new PAX accessories. The PaxFactory, that provides a class collection to facilitate event hypothesis evolution, and VisualPax, a Graphical User Interface for PAX objects.

Abstract A primary challenge in brazing is the controlled formation of phases resulting from interactions of elements of the liquid filler metal with those of the base material. The morphology of the brazed joint, which is decisive for the mechanical properties of the joint, is influenced by present elements and process parameters such as brazing temperature and time. Furthermore, the wetting of the base material is a crucial factor in joining of aluminum because of the low wettability of the alumina layer by molten brazing filler metals. In order to remove the alumina and prevent reoxidation of the substrate surface, the brazing process can be conducted in vacuum or inert gas atmosphere. Again, selection of process parameters is crucial for the quality of the brazed seam. In this work, we focus on the influence of the process parameters on the wetting behavior and the formation of aluminum‐copper phases theoretically by means of thermodynamic calculations using a CALPHAD database as well as by means of in‐situ observations in the large‐chamber scanning electron microscope (LC‐SEM) and by brazing experiments. Both the critical temperatures with respect to the wetting and the reaction kinetics as well as the crucial stages of the brazing process and the resulting phases were determined.

We study abelian gauge-Higgs models on the lattice and consider gauge groups Z 3 and U(1).For both cases the partition sums are mapped exactly to a dual representation where the degrees of freedom are surfaces for the gauge fields and loops of flux that may serve as boundaries for the surfaces represent the matter fields.Also at finite chemical potential the dual partition sums have only real and positive contributions and the complex action problem of the conventional representation is overcome in the dual approach.We apply a local Metropolis update for the dual degrees of freedom, as well as a generalization of the worm algorithm to bounded surfaces.Results that illustrate condensation phenomena as a function of chemical potential are discussed.

A fast Monte Carlo Simulation of the CMS detector has been developed which is between 100–1000 times faster than its Geant4-based counterpart, at a similar level of accuracy. The methods applied in the fast simulation, both software and physics wise, are being outlined in this paper. This includes the concepts of simulating the interaction of particles with the detector material and the response of the various parts of the detector, namely the silicon tracker, the electromagnetic and hadron-calorimeters and the muon system.

A comprehensive set of algorithms to identify jets originating from b-quarks has been developed within the CMS Collaboration. The fundamental properties of B-hadrons leading to observables which can be exploited for b-tagging are discussed and an overview of the basic concepts of the algorithms is given, followed by a comparison of their performance.

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2007 in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, August 5 – August 9, 2007

Abstract The wetting behavior of liquid metals is of great importance for many processes. For brazing, however, a targeted modification beyond the adjustment of conventional process parameters or the actual set-up was not possible in the past. Therefore, the effect of direct electric current along the surface of a steel substrate on the wetting behavior and the formation of the spreading pattern of an industrial nickel-based filler metal was investigated at a temperature above T = 1000 °C in a vacuum brazing furnace. By applying direct current up to I = 60 A the wetted surface area could be increased and the spreading of the molten filler metal could be controlled in dependence of the polarity of the electric current. The electric component of the Lorentz force is supposed to be feasible reasons for the observed dependence of the electrical polarity on the filler metal spreading direction. To evaluate the influence of the electric current on the phase formation subsequent selective electron microscope analyses of the spreading pattern were carried out.

Zusammenfassung»Unablässig ermunterte sie die Frauen zu Selbstbewußtsein und Gleichberechtigung, rief das Volk zum Kampf für die Freiheit, in dem sie selber große Opfer auf sich nahm. Sie ist für uns das, was den Deutschen in der Sturm- und Drangzeit Friedrich Schiller war.« So Felikss Cielëns in seiner Grabrede für die Dichterin. Mit 19 Jahren veröffentlicht sie ihr erstes Gedicht. 1887 erhält sie für ihr erstes Theaterstück, Atriebëja (Die Rächerin), bei einer Ausschreibung des Lettischen Vereins in Riga den ersten Preis, das Stück wird aber von der russischen Zensur nicht zugelassen. 1894 wird ihr Drama Vaidelote, in dem Frauen gegen die sie unterdrückenden Traditionen aufbegehren, zum durchschlagenden Erfolg. Die Handlung spielt im heidnischen Litauen, im 14. Jh.; Vaideloten sind eine Art Priesterinnen. Noch im Herbst des gleichen Jahres wird Zaudētas tiesības (Verlorene Rechte) einstudiert. Hier wird die doppelte Moral gegenüber Frauen angeprangert. Die erniedrigte Frau erschießt den vornehmen Herren, der sie erpreßt und mißbraucht. Der konservativere Teil der lettischen Gesellschaft reagiert empört. 1895 verliert A. ihre Stelle am Lettischen Theater und schließt sich der sozialdemokratisch ausgerichteten »Neuen Strömung« an. Eine der führenden Persönlichkeiten war Jānis Pliekšāns, der unter dem Pseudonym J. Rainis (1865–1929) veröffentlichte. Als die kaiserlich russischen Behörden anfingen, die »Neue Strömung« zu verfolgen, kam Rainis ins Gefängnis. A. und Rainis heirateten in der Gefängniskapelle. Rainis wurde der bedeutendste klassische Dichter der lettischen Literatur.

We explore two flavor scalar electrodynamics on the lattice, which has a complex phase problem at finite chemical potential. By rewriting the action in terms of dual variables this complex phase problem can be solved exactly. The dual variables are linkand plaquette occupation numbers, subject to local constraints that have to be respected by the Monte Carlo algorithm. For the simulation we use a local update as well as the newly developed “surface worm algorithm”, which is a generalization of the Prokof’ev Svistunov worm algorithm concept for simulating the dual representation of abelian Gauge-Higgs models on a lattice. We assess the performance of the two algorithms, present results for the phase diagram and discuss condensation phenomena.

We study condensation in two-flavored, scalar QED with non-degenerate masses at finite chemical potential.The conventional formulation of the theory has a sign problem at finite density which can be solved using an exact reformulation of the theory in terms of dual variables.We perform a Monte Carlo simulation in the dual representation and observe a condensation at a critical chemical potential µ c .After determining the low-energy spectrum of the theory we try to establish a connection between µ c and the mass of the lightest excitation of the system, which are naively expected to be equal.It turns out, however, that the relation of the critical chemical potential to the mass spectrum in this case is non-trivial: Taking into account the form of the condensate and making some simplifying assumptions we suggest an adequate explanation which is supported by numerical results.