A. Savoy-Navarro

We report the observation of four electron-positron pairs and one muon pair which have the signature of a two-body decay of a particle of mass ∼ 95 GeV/c2. These events fit well the hypothesis that they are produced by the process p̄+ p→Z0+X(with Z0→ ℓ++ ℓ−), where Z0 is the Intermediate Vector Boson postulated by the electroweak theories as the mediator of weak neutral currents.

We have measured transverse momentum spectra up to 10 GeV/c for charged particles produced centrally in proton-antiproton collisions at 540 GeV in the centre of mass at the CERN collider. Our results are compared with data at ISR energies and with the predictions of a QCD model. The charged particle spectrum shows a clear dependence on charged track multiplicity.

A clear signal is observed for the production of an isolated large-transverse-momentum lepton in association with two or three centrally produced jets. The two-jet events cluster around the W± mass, indicating a novel decay of the Intermediate Vector Boson. The rate and features of these events are not consistent with expectations of known quark decays (charm, bottom). They are, however, in agreement with the process W→ tb followed by t → bℓv, where t is the sixth quark (top) of the weak Cabibbo current. If this is indeed so, the bounds on the mass of the top quark are 30 GeV/c2 < mt <550 GeV/c2.

We present results on charged current inclusive neutrino and antineutrino scattering in the neutrino energy range 30–200 GeV. The results include a) total cross-sections; b)y distributions; c) structure functions; and d) scaling violations observed in the structure functions. The results, as well as their comparison with the results of electron and muon inclusive scattering, are in agreement with the expectations of the quark parton model and QCD.

The International Linear Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy linear electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selected and the necessary site-dependent engineering is carried out, construction can begin immediately. The TDR also gives baseline documentation for two high-performance detectors that can share the ILC luminosity by being moved into and out of the beam line in a "push-pull" configuration. These detectors, ILD and SiD, are described in detail. They form the basis for a world-class experimental programme that promises to increase significantly our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the evolution of the Universe.

Inclusive charged-current interactions of high-energy neutrinos and antineutrinos have been studied with high statistics in a counter experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. The energy dependence of the total cross-sections, the longitudinal structure function, and the nucleon structure functionsF 2,xF 3, and $$\bar q^{\bar v} $$ are determined from these data. The analysis of theQ 2-dependence of the structure functions is used to test quantum chromodynamics, to determine the scale parameter Λ and the gluon distribution in the nucleon.

Motivated by precise neutrino experiments, we reconsider the electromagnetic radiative corrections to the data. We investigate the usefulness and demonstrate the simplicity of the “leading log” approximation: the calculation to order α ln (Q/μ), α ln (Q/mq). Here Q is an energy scale of the overall process, μ is the lepton mass and mq is a hadronic mass, the effective quark mass in a parton model. We identify those questions the answers to which do not depend on unknown hadron parameters like quark masses. The leading log radiative corrections to dδ/dy distributions and to suitably interpreted dδ/dx distributions are quark-mass independent. We improve upon the conventional leading log approximation and compute explicitly the largest terms that lie beyond the leading log level. In practice this means that our model-independent formulae, though approximate, are likely to be excellent estimates everywhere except at low energy or very large y. We point out that radiative corrections to measurements of deviations from the Callan-Gross relation and to measurements of the “sea” constituency of nucleons are gigantic. The QCD inspired study of deviations from scaling is of particular interest. We compute, beyond the leading log level, the radiative corrections to the QCD predictions.

We report results from a beam dump experiment that has been performed at the CERN SPS neutrino facility using the CDHS neutrino counter detector. Limits on dimuon and trimuon production by new penetrating neutral particles are given. A new source of prompt electron and muon neutrinos has been observed giving (1.2±0.4)× 10−7 νe or νμ per incident proton with neutrino angle smaller than 1.85 mrad and Eν > 20 GeV. If these prompt neutrinos are attributed to charmed meson pair production, the inclusive DD production cross section could be of the order of 30 ωb. If axions are existing their production rate relative to π0 mesons is found to be less than 0.5 × 10−8.

The CDHS neutrino detector has been used to measure events originating in a tank of liquid hydrogen and in the iron of the detector. Total cross-sections, differential cross-sections, and structure functions are given for hydrogen and compared with those in iron. The measurements are in agreement with the expectations of the quark parton model. No significant differences indicative of nuclear binding effects in corresponding structure functions of protons and iron are observed. This may be of special interest in the case of the sea structure functions, since large differences are expected in some models.

The structure functions F2(x, Q2) and xF3(x, Q2) measured in high-energy neutrino charged-current interactions on nuclei are compared with QCD predictions. Solutions to the moment equations of QCD are found which are in good agreement with the data and yield simple parametrisations of the structure functions. For the scale parameter Λ we find Λ = 0.5 ± 0.2 GeV. The analysis also results in values for the width of the gluon distribution as a function of Q2. We find 〈x〉gluons = 0.16 ± 0.03 for Q2 = 10 GeV2.

On the basis of 315 dimuon events of opposite sign for which the nature (and energy) of the incident neutrino is known, and the momenta and hadronic shower energy are measured, we find a) very similar production by neutrinos and antineutrinos, and therefore confirmation of the GIM model for semileptonic weak interactions, b) energy spectra, excitation functions, angular correlations and transverse momentum distributions which are in remarkable agreement with the hypothesis of charm production and decay, c) evidence against models for which the second muon has a heavy lepton as origin, d) evidence against “bottom” quark production by antineutrinos, e) the amount and the structure function for the strange quark-antiquark sea, and f) an approximate branching ratio, of 0.15 for the muonic decay of the semistable charmed meson.

We describe the design, construction and performance of a large mass detector used at CERN to study high-energy neutrino interactions in iron. This detector combines magnetic spectrometry and hadron calorimetry techniques.

We have analyzed data taken in the CERN narrow-band neutrino and antineutrino beams with regard to the "high-$y$ anomaly" observed by previous experiments at Fermilab. At neutrino energies between 30 and 200 GeV, the $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}$ charged-current cross-section ratios and muon-inelasticity distributions disagree with the earlier results. In particular, there is no evidence for energy-dependent effects in the antineutrino data which constitute an important aspect of the alleged anomaly.

We have calibrated a magnetized iron-scintillator sandwhich calorimeter in a hadron beam, finding an energy resolution equal to 16% fwhm at 140 GeV with 5 cm sampling. The hadron energy resolution (fwhm/mean) improves as E−12 between 15 and 140 GeV. No effect due to the magnetic field was observed. Longitudinal and lateral shower containment were also investigated.

We report on results from a study of hadron-energy distributions for ν and ν inclusive neutral current interactions. There is no significant variation of the neutral to charged current total cross-section ratios Rν and Rν with neutrino energy. The space-time structure of neutral currents is dominated by V−A, with a significant admixture of V+A. The Weinberg-Salam model is in agreement with all data if sin2θw=0.24±0.02.

We present moments (both ordinary and Nachtmann) of the nucleon valence structure function measured in high Q2νFE scattering, supplemented by data from deep inelastic eD scattering. These data seem to agree with QCD predictions for vector gluons. The QCD parameter Λ is found to be of the order 0.5 GeV.

We report on the analysis of inclusive neutral current events produced in neutrino and antineutrino narrow band beams. We find for incident neutrino energies in the range 12–200 GeV and for hadron energies above 12 GeV a neutral to charged current cross-section ratio of Rv = 0.293 ± 0.010 for incident neutrinos, and Rv = 0.35 ± 0.03 for antineutrinos. These ratios are consistent with the Weinberg-Salam model, with sin2θw = 0.24 ± 0.02.

The observation of an apparent excess of radiative Z0 decays into e+e−γ and μ+μ−γ has prompted the search for massive eνγ and μνγ final states containing an energetic photon. No events were found other than those consistent with QED radiative effects in leptonic W decays. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 0.136 pb−1 produced at the CERN super proton synchrotron (SPS) collider. An upper limit on the occurrence of such events is given.

The properties of 76 neutrino-initiated μ−μ−μ+ events observed in the CDHS detector in the 350 GeV and 400 GeV wide-band beams at CERN are discussed. For neutrino energies 30 GeV and muon momenta ≳4.5 GeV, the average trimuon rate is (3.0 ± 0.4) × 10−5 of the single-muon event rate. The experimental distributions are compared with predictions from various models. The data cannot be understood in terms of either heavy-lepton or heavy-quark cascades; no evidence is found for such processes and upper limits for the two possibilities are established. The data can be understood in terms of the normal charged-current process with the additional production of a muon pair by both hadronic and electromagnetic processes.

A search for events having the characteristics of cosmic ray Centauros has been made in 540 GeV centre of mass proton-antiproton collisions, using information on charged particle multiplicities and transverse momenta from our central detector image chamber, together with energy deposition in our calorimeters. No such events were found in 48 000 low bias events.

We report two trimuon events producedin v interactions. Of these, one is of the charge type −++, not previously reported. In an antineutrino exposure, one candidate of the charge type +−− has been observed. This type of event has also not been reported previously. The combined π → μ and K → μ background for the three events are calculated to be ∼ 0.7 events. The rate relative to charged current events corresponding to these three events is of the order of 4 × 10−5.

290 events of the type νFe→μ−μ−X and 53 events from the reaction νFe→μ+μ+X withEν>30GeV and muon momenta pμ>6.5GeV/c have been observed in the CDHS detector. After subtracting the background from charged-current processes with one π or K meson of the hadronic shower decaying into μ−ν(or μ+μ), we obtain for neutrinos a rate of prompt like- sign dimuon production of (3.4±1.8)×10−5 relative to the rate of charged-current events with the same cuts, or (4.1 ± 2.2)% relative to the prompt μ−μ+ rate, and for antineutrinos the corresponding relative rates (4.3±2.3)×10−5 and (4.2 ± 2.3)%. A possible explanation for the events is charm pair production at a level of 10−3 relative to all charged-current reactions.

This paper presents the first experimental demonstration of a pixelated two-layer Geiger-mode avalanche sensor designed for the direct detection of charged particles.In the proposed device, each pixel is formed by two vertically aligned avalanche detectors, exploiting the coincidence between two simultaneous avalanche events to discriminate between the detection of particles and dark counts.A 48 × 16 pixel array has been designed and fabricated in a 150-nm CMOS process and vertically integrated through bump bonding.The pixel, that includes passive quenching, comparator, and digital electronic circuits for coincidence processing and signal storage, has a size of 50 μm × 75 μm and a maximum fill factor of 51.6%.The operation of the particle sensor has been validated with the measurement of dark count rate distribution at different coincidence resolution times.An average dark count rate per pixel as low as 93 mHz, corresponding to 24 Hz/mm 2 , was obtained at room temperature.A first sensor validation using a 90 Sr β source is presented.

A search has been made for neutrino interactions with a positive (wrong-sign) muon in the final state. All the events found can be attributed to known sources. A cut at a visible energy of 100 GeV leaves one event, giving an upper limit for μ+ production relative to μ- of 1.6 × 10−4 at the 90% confidence level. Upper limits are given for (a) charm-changing neutral currents, (b) positive heavy-lepton production, and (c) neutrino-antineutrino oscillations.

In the interactions of 400 GeV/c protons with copper nuclei, a flux of prompt neutrinos is observed. The reactions produced by these neutrinos in our apparatus appear consistent with those of electron- and muon-neutrinos. The prompt neutrino fluxes are interpreted as being due to associated production and subsequent semileptonic decay of charmed hadrons. The prompt flux ratio $$\bar v_\mu /v_\mu = 0.46_{ - 0.16}^{ + 0.21} $$ suggests a sizeable production of charmed baryons near the forward direction. The ratio of prompte −+e + toµ −+µ + event rates is 0.64 −0.15 +0.22 , where unity is expected frome-μ universality.

In events at centre of mass energy 540 GeV from the CERN pp collider, we have found clear evidence for correlations in rapidity and azimuthal angle between high transverse momentum charged particles. These correlations increase with transverse momentum and are much stronger than the general two-particle correlations in minimum bias events. By analogy to ISR results, a qualitative interpretation in terms of hard scattering and fragmentation of partons is discussed.

In this paper, we present the implementation and preliminary evaluation of a new type of silicon sensor for charged particle detection operated in Geiger-mode. The proposed device, formed by two vertically-aligned pixel arrays, exploits the coincidence between two simultaneous avalanche events to discriminate between particle-triggered detections and dark counts. A proof-of-concept two-layer sensor with per-pixel coincidence circuits was designed and fabricated in a 150 nm CMOS process and vertically integrated through bump bonding. The sensor includes a 48×16 pixel array with 50μm×75μm pixels. This work describes the sensor architecture and reports a selection of results from the characterization of the avalanche detectors in the two layers. Detectors with an active area of 43×45μm2 have a median dark count rate of 3 kHz at 3.3 V excess bias and a breakdown voltage non-uniformity lower than 20 mV.

The W\ensuremath{'} is a charged, heavy, vector boson predicted to exist by some extensions of the standard model. We have searched for the processes W\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\nu} and W\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu} for ${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{W}\ensuremath{'}}$&gt;100 GeV/${\mathrm{c}}^{2}$, in p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}p collisions at s=1.8 TeV, using data taken with the Collider Detector at Fermilab. The nonobservation of these processes leads to a lower limit of 520 GeV/${\mathrm{c}}^{2}$ (95% confidence level) on the mass of the W\ensuremath{'}, assuming standard-strength couplings to three fermion generations.

The properties of 76 neutrino-initiated μ−μ−μ+ events observed in the CDHS detector in the 350 GeV and 400 GeV wide-band beams at the CERN SPS are discussed. For neutrino energies > 30 GeV and muon momenta ≳ 4.5 GeV, the average trimuon rate is (3.0±0.4)×10−5 of the single-muon event rate. The data are in agreement with normal charged-current interactions with the additional production of a muon pair by both hadronic and radiative processes. No evidence is found for either heavy-lepton or heavy-quark cascades. Upper limits for these two possibilities are established.

Optical crosstalk is one of the main factors limiting the performance of Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) arrays and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). In this paper, a set of crosstalk measurements on a CMOS SPAD pixel array with 50µm × 75µm pitch and 51.6% Fill Factor, designed for direct particle detection, is reported. Measurements were performed on dies with different thickness: 280µm, 50µm and 25µm. The dependence of crosstalk on excess bias voltage and distance between pairs of pixels is presented and its overall effect on the Dark Count Rate (DCR) distribution of the array is discussed. Results show a strong dependence of crosstalk coefficient on substrate thickness, confirming the role of photon reflection on the wafer backside surface. In thinned devices, the silicon substrate acts as a planar waveguide, increasing the transmission efficiency of secondary photons and greatly enhancing long-distance optical crosstalk.

The polarization of positive muons produced in charged current interactions of high-energy antineutrinos in iron has been measured at an average momentum transfer of 〈Q2〉 = 3.2 GeV2. The muon spin is found to be oriented forward with respect to the muon momentum vector with an average polarization of 1.09 ± 0.22, consistent with helicity +1. It is concluded that the weak leptonic charged current retains its dominant vector and axial vector structure at high energies.

A new measurement of the ratio R = σL/σT of longitudinal and transverse structure functions in neutrino interactions on iron between 30 and 190 GeV neutrino energy is reported. The result is given as a function of the scale parameter x and the inelasticity ν of the interaction. The average value is R = 0.10 ± 0.07 around ν ≈ 50 GeV and is in accordance with a prediction from the QCD theory.

In this paper, a novel SPAD architecture implemented in a Fully-Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) CMOS technology is presented. Thanks to its intrinsic vertical 3D structure, the proposed solution is expected to allow further scaling of the pixel size while ensuring high fill factors. Moreover the pixel and the detector electronics can benefit of the well-known advantages brought by SOI technology with respect to bulk CMOS, such as higher speed and lower power consumption. TCAD simulations based on realistic process parameters and dedicated post-processing analysis are carried out in order to optimize and validate the avalanche diode architecture for an optimal electric field distribution in the device but also to extract the main parameters of the SPAD, such as the breakdown voltage, the avalanche triggering probability, the dark count rate and the photon detection probability. A comparison between the efficiency in back-side and front-side approaches is carried out with a particular focus on time-of-flight applications.

We present an analysis of the discovery reach for supersymmetric particles at the upgraded Tevatron collider, assuming that SUSY breaking results in universal soft breaking parameters at the grand unification scale, and that the lightest supersymmetric particle is stable and neutral. We first present a review of the literature, including the issues of unification, renormalization group evolution of the supersymmetry breaking parameters and the effect of radiative corrections on the effective low energy couplings and masses of the theory. We consider the experimental bounds coming from direct searches and those arising indirectly from precision data, cosmology and the requirement of vacuum stability. The issues of flavor and CP-violation are also addressed. The main subject of this study is to update sparticle production cross sections, make improved estimates of backgrounds, delineate the discovery reach in the supergravity framework, and examine how this might vary when assumptions about universality of soft breaking parameters are relaxed. With 30 fb$^{-1}$ luminosity and one detector, charginos and neutralinos, as well as third generation squarks, can be seen if their masses are not larger than 200-250 GeV, while first and second generation squarks and gluinos can be discovered if their masses do not significantly exceed 400 GeV. We conclude that there are important and exciting physics opportunities at the Tevatron collider, which will be significantly enhanced by continued Tevatron operation beyond the first phase of Run II.

The Central Detector of the UA1 experiment at the CERN proton-antiproton Collider underwent a first physics run at the end of 1981. The detector consists of a large drift chamber assembly (25 m3, ~ 6000 sense wires). An electronics readout with multi-hit capability simultaneously digitizes the time and the analog information used for charge division and energy measurement. The initial performance of the readout and control system will also be presented. The detector was tested in two cosmic-ray runs, and is now fully operational for the second physics run; this started at the beginning of October 1982.

This review puts together texts written after talks presented at the CERN Workshop “Supersymmetry versus Experiment” which took place in April 1982, but updated in order to include all latest developments. This altogether represent a self contained survey which puts together theoretical expectations and experimental possibilities. A general introduction to supersymmetry is followed by a thorough discussion of expectations at present machine energy — this including LEP — Next comes a discussion of supersymmetry in the framework of Grand Unified Theory - Experimental prospects, both for present and future machines are then considered in some detail. The conclusion provides a global review of the field.

Neutrinos are elementary particles electrically neutral which belong to the family of leptons. As a consequence and in first approximation they only undergo weak processes. This gives them very special properties. They are ideal tools to study precisely the weak interactions, but there is a price to pay: neutrinos are characterized by extremely low probabilities of interactions, they easily penetrate large amount of matter without being stopped. Consequently, it is hard to perform neutrino physics measurements. In practice the difficulty is twofold: in order to accumulate enough statistics, experiments must rely on huge fluxes traversing huge detectors, the number of interactions being obviously proportional to these two factors. As a corollary, backgrounds are difficult to handle because they appear much more commonly than good events. Nevertheless, neutrino interactions have been detected from a variety of sources, both man-made and natural, from very low to very large energies.The aim of this review is to survey our current knowledge about interaction cross sections of neutrinos with matter across all pertinent energy scales. We will see that neutrino interactions cover a large range of processes: nuclear capture, inverse beta-decay, quasi-elastic scattering, resonant pion production, deep inelastic scattering and ultra-high energy interactions.All the gathered information will be used to study weak properties of matter but it will also allow to explore the properties of the neutrinos themselves. In particular, the known three different flavors of neutrinos have different behaviors inside matter and this will be relevant to give some precious understanding about their intrinsic parameters in particular their masses and mixings.As a second order process, neutrinos can undergo electromagnetic interactions. This will also be discussed. Although the corresponding phenomena are not yet experimentally proven by actual measurements, the theory is able to calculate them and it is useful to discuss the topic since it may become an important issue to test ideas of cosmological relevance.This review will mainly adopt an experimental point of view. Strong emphasis will be placed on important detectors which have illustrated the challenging progresses in neutrino physics; they will be described and their results confronted to theoretical predictions.

out, construction can begin immediately. The TDR also gives baseline documentation for two high-performance detectors that can share the ILC luminosity by being moved into and out of the beam line in a "push-pull" configuration. These detectors, ILD and SiD, are described in detail. They form the basis for a world-class experimental programme that promises to increase significantly our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the evolution of the Universe.

We describe the construction, calibration and performance of the central electromagnetic calorimeter of the UA1 experiment at the CERN proton-antiproton collider. The calorimeter is of the lead-scintillator sandwich type. It is 26.4 radiation lengths thick and covers a surface of about 50 m2. We estimate the resolution of the calorimeter for electrons of energy greater than 1 GeV to be the sum in quadrature of 15%√E (E in GeV) and a constant 3%. The first term comes from the inherent resolution of the calorimeter due to sampling fluctuations and photostatistics. The second term comes from uncertainties in the calibration procedure and dominates the resolution for electrons from W and Z0 decay. The uncertainty in the overall energy scale also reflects the uncertainties in the calibration procedure and is estimated to be 3%.

We have implemented triggers for hadronically decaying tau leptons within a framework of the CDF Run 2 trigger system. We describe the triggers, along with their physics motivations, and report on their initial performance.

The International Linear Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy linear electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selected and the necessary site-dependent engineering is carried out, construction can begin immediately. The TDR also gives baseline documentation for two high-performance detectors that can share the ILC luminosity by being moved into and out of the beam line in a "push-pull" configuration. These detectors, ILD and SiD, are described in detail. They form the basis for a world-class experimental programme that promises to increase significantly our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the evolution of the Universe.

The goal of this paper is to provide some useful design guidelines at the device level regarding the main challenges to be typically faced in the design and integration of Geiger-mode avalanche diodes in a standard CMOS process. Different techniques are found in literature in order to avoid premature edge breakdown with the aim of limiting the electric field at the edges to be weaker than in the multiplication region. In this article, the use of such techniques, the conditions where they can effectively work and above all their limitations are studied by means of TCAD simulations for various diode architectures. Additionally, the noise performance is discussed by focusing on the band-to-band tunneling and shallow trench isolation enhanced dark count rates. Geiger-mode bias techniques as well as a synthesis on the pros and cons of the various avalanche diode architectures are finally presented aiming at facilitating future design choices.

A 130 nm CMOS evaluation chip intended to read Silicon strip detectors has been designed and successfully tested. Optimized for a detector capacitance of 10 pF, it includes four channels of a full signal processing chain, including low-noise charge integration and pulse shaping, a 16 deep-analog sampler triggered on an analogue sum of adjacent inputs, and a parallel 10-bit analog to digital conversion. Laboratory and in-situ tests results of the chip are reported, demonstrating the behavior and performance of the full sampling process and analog to digital conversion, on a laboratory test stand, and from radioactive source as well as beam tests. Each channel occupies an area of 100 times 600 square microns on Silicon, and dissipates less than half a milliwatt of static power.

In this paper, a complete optical crosstalk characterization of a Geiger-mode pixelated avalanche detector for particle tracking application is presented. The device is composed of two tiers of CMOS-integrated avalanche detectors bump bonded with pixel-level interconnects, with each layer containing a 16 × 48 detector array. On-chip coincidence detection circuits, designed to discriminate between particle-triggered detection events and dark counts, have been used to acquire direct crosstalk measurements. Crosstalk measurements as a function of excess bias voltage and distance between two different avalanche diodes is presented. The effect of substrate thickness is evaluated measuring dies with three different thicknesses: 280, 50, and 25 μm. Experimental results confirm the role of reflected photons at the bottom surface of the device, with the silicon substrate acting as a 2-D waveguide for thinner samples. The global effect of crosstalk observed when all the pixels in the array are enabled is reported, showing a substantial increase of the Dark Count Rate (DCR) distributions. Pairs of vertically aligned unshielded pixels are employed to characterize intertier optical crosstalk.

In this paper, a time-integration based passive quenching - active recharge circuit for Geiger-mode avalanche diodes has been proposed with the aim of minimizing the avalanche charge and providing a hold-off time tunable within wide range. These are indeed important features to be taken into account in the design of the avalanche diode quenching - reset electronics. Furthermore a hold-off time tunable within a wide range is typically desirable in every application where a full characterization of the device dark count rate is required. A correct operation of the proposed circuit, designed in a commercial High-Voltage CMOS 0.35um technology, is assessed through circuit simulations as well as Monte Carlo analysis in the Cadence Environment.

Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are p–n junctions operated in Geiger Mode by applying a reverse bias above the breakdown voltage. SPADs have the advantage of featuring single photon sensitivity with timing resolution in the picoseconds range. Nevertheless, their relatively high Dark Count Rate (DCR) is a major issue for charged particle detection, especially when it is much higher than the incoming particle rate. To tackle this issue, we have developed a 3D Silicon Coincidence Avalanche Detector (3D-SiCAD). This novel device implements two vertically aligned SPADs featuring on-chip electronics for the detection of coincident avalanche events occurring on both SPADs. Such a coincidence detection mode allows an efficient discrimination of events related to an incoming charged particle (producing a quasi-simultaneous activation of both SPADs) from dark counts occurring independently on each SPAD. A 3D-SiCAD detector prototype has been fabricated in CMOS technology adopting a 3D flip-chip integration technique, and the main results of its characterization are reported in this work. The particle detection efficiency and noise rejection capability for this novel device have been evaluated by means of a β− strontium-90 radioactive source. Moreover the impact of the main operating parameters (i.e. the hold-off time, the coincidence window duration, the SPAD excess bias voltage) over the particle detection efficiency has been studied. Measurements have been performed with different β− particles rates and show that a 3D-SiCAD device outperforms single SPAD detectors: the former is indeed capable to detect particle rates much lower than the individual DCR observed in a single SPAD-based detectors (i.e. 2 to 3 orders of magnitudes lower).

The Pixel Detector is the innermost detector of the tracking system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) . It precisely determines the interaction point (primary vertex) of the events and the possible secondary vertexes due to heavy flavours (b and c quarks); it is part of the overall tracking system that allows reconstructing the tracks of the charged particles in the events and combined with the magnetic field to measure their momentum. The pixel detector allows measuring the tracks in the region closest to the interaction point. The Level-1 (real-time) pixel based tracking trigger is a novel trigger system that is currently being studied for the LHC upgrade. An important goal is developing real-time track reconstruction algorithms able to cope with very high rates and high flux of data in a very harsh environment. The pixel detector has an especially crucial role in precisely identifying the primary vertex of the rare physics events from the large pile-up (PU) of events. The goal of adding the pixel information already at the real-time level of the selection is to help reducing the total level-1 trigger rate while keeping an high selection capability. This is quite an innovative and challenging objective for the experiments upgrade for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) . The special case here addressed is the CMS experiment. This document describes exercises focusing on the development of a fast pixel track reconstruction where the pixel track matches with a Level-1 electron object using a ROOT-based simulation framework.

We present a digital solution for the front-end electronics of high resolution calorimeters at future colliders. It is based on analogue signal compression, high speed AD converters, a fully programmable pipeline and a digital signal processing (DSP) chain with local intelligence and system supervision. This digital solution is aimed at providing maximal front-end processing power by performing waveform analysis using DSP methods. For the system integration of the multichannel device a multi-chip, silicon-on-silicon multi-chip module (MCM) has been adopted. This solution allows a high level of integration of complex analogue and digital functions, with excellent flexibility in mixing technologies for the different functional blocks. This type of multichip integration provides a high degree of reliability and programmability at both the function and the system level, with the additional possibility of customising the microsystem to detector-specific requirements. For enhanced reliability in high radiation environments, fault tolerance strategies, i.e. redundancy, reconfigurability, majority voting and coding for error detection and correction, are integrated into the design.

Using recent measurements of the b-quark fragmentation distribution obtained in e+e−→bb̄ events, registered at the Z pole, the non-perturbative QCD component of the distribution has been extracted independently of any hadronic physics modelling. This distribution depends only on the way the perturbative QCD component has been denned. When the perturbative QCD component is taken from a parton shower Monte Carlo, the non-perturbative QCD component is rather similar with those obtained from the Lund or Bowler models. When the perturbative QCD component is the result of an analytic NLL computation, the non-perturbative QCD component has to be extended in a non-physical region and thus cannot be described by any hadronic modelling. In the two examples, used to characterize these two situations, which are studied at present, it happens that the extracted non-perturbative QCD distribution has the same shape, being simply translated to higher-x values in the second approach, illustrating the ability of the analytic perturbative QCD approach to account for softer gluon radiation than with a parton shower generator.

The main realistc possibilities of checking supersymmetry are reviewed here, taking into account the most recent developments in this theoretical field as well as the different machines (e+e− colliders, hadron-hadron colliders, ep machines) available presently or in the next 10 years and also the sky. A strong emphasis is put especially on how to test supersymmetry in the hadron-hadron colliders which are already now (SPS pp̄ collider at CERN) or will be in the very near future (FNAL pp̄ collider) very useful tools for such a purpose. The requirements of supersymmetry in terms of detector performances are studied with the present apparatuses and with the different prototypes which are being developed for the experiments at the next generation accelerators.

Abstract Eight μ + μ + μ − events have been observed in the CDHS detector during the 330 GeV and 350 GeV antineutrino wide-band beam exposures at CERN. The corresponding average trimuon rate relative to the single-muon rate is (1.8 ± 0.6) × 10 −5 for visible energy ⩾ 30 GeV and muon momenta ⩾ 4.5 GeV c . Some characteristics of these antineutrino trimuon events are compared with μ − μ − μ + events produced by neutrinos.

This paper briefly describes the main R&D objectives that are undertaken within the international R&D collaboration SiLC aiming to build the next generation of silicon tracking devices especially in the case of the ILC. Firstly, motivation to use silicon detectors in the tracker is explained. Then basic aspects of the design and solutions proposed are described (sensors, front-end electronics, mechanics, alignment). First results from the lab and beam test of the front-end chips and module prototypes built are shown.

The EUDET-project was launched to create an infrastructure for developing and testing new and advanced detector technologies to be used at a future linear collider. The aim was to make possible experimentation and analysis of data for institutes, which otherwise could not be realized due to lack of resources. The infrastructure comprised an analysis and software network, and instrumentation infrastructures for tracking detectors as well as for calorimetry.

It is a common feature of vector-like extensions of the electroweak sector to have near degenerate states, such as electroweak doublets. In simplified models, it is usually assumed that these have decay widths saturated by two-body channels. As a consequence, experimental searches can be done focusing on only one of the states of the doublet. Taking as an example case the light exotic electroweak doublet present in the Minimal Composite Higgs Model, we show that including three-body decays in the pair production process makes this separation unfeasible, since both states of the doublet will be present and contribute significantly to the signal. In addition, by recasting present searches in multileptonic channels, with a simplified cut-and-count analysis, a relevant increase in discovery reach or exclusion potential is obtained; this indeed motivates a more detailed analysis. This study shows how an inclusive search strategy, taking into account both the near degeneracy and the presence of three-body decays, will have greater discovery power and be more natural from a model building perspective.

A bstract It is a common feature of vector-like extensions of the electroweak sector to have near degenerate states, such as electroweak doublets. In simplified models, it is usually assumed that these have decay widths saturated by two-body channels. As a consequence, experimental searches can be done focusing on only one of the states of the doublet. Taking as an example case the light exotic electroweak doublet present in the Minimal Composite Higgs Model, we show that including three-body decays in the pair production process makes this separation unfeasible, since both states of the doublet will be present and contribute significantly to the signal. In addition, by recasting present searches in multileptonic channels, with a simplified cut-and-count analysis, a relevant increase in discovery reach or exclusion potential is obtained; this indeed motivates a more detailed analysis. This study shows how an inclusive search strategy, taking into account both the near degeneracy and the presence of three-body decays, will have greater discovery power and be more natural from a model building perspective.

Abstract We describe the digital filter section of the FERMI readout microsystem. The filter section, consisting of two separate filter blocks, extracts the pulse amplitude and time information for the first-level trigger process and performs a highly accurate energy measurement for higher-level triggering and data readout purposes. An FIR-order statistic hybrid filter structure is used to improve the amplitude extraction performance. Using a training procedure the filters are optimized to produce a precise and accurate output in the presence of electronics and pile-up noise, sample timing jitter and the superposition of high-energy pulses. As the FERMI system resides inside the detector where accessibility is limited, the filter implementations are presented together with fault tolerance considerations. The filter section is modelled with the VHDL hardware descriptive language and the subsystems are further optimized to minimize the system latency and circuit area.

We investigate the detectability in a very-high-energy pp collider of a heavy neutral Higgs boson through the decay modes ${H}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${Z}^{0}$${Z}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}eeee (the so-called ``gold-plated'' events) and ${H}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${Z}^{0}$${Z}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}ee\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\nu}, with a special emphasis on the importance of the backgrounds due to the production of ${Z}^{0}$+jets and pure standard QCD jets. A realistic Monte Carlo program is used to simulate the characteristics of signals and backgrounds, and filtering strategies for extracting the signals are proposed.

A search for charmed particles produced in π−p exclusive reactions at 19 GeV/c incident beam momentum has been carried out with the Omega spectrometer at CERN. Three million interactions were recorded with a trigger which required a forward K− or p with transverse momentum greater than 0.5 GeV/c. An additional two million triggers were recorded with a forward K+ or proton, with no transverse momentum restriction. Analysis of the four-constraint final states K+K−π−p and K+K−π+π−π−p shows no evidence for the associated production of charmed particles. The upper limits for the product of production cross sections and the two charmed particle decay branching ratios are below 100 nb for most of the channels. The experiment was sensitive over a wide range of production angles.

In this paper we present a position-sensitive detector based on the vertical integration of pairs of aligned pixels operating in Geiger-mode regime and designed for charged particle detection. This novel device exploits the coincidence between two simultaneous avalanche events to discriminate between particle-triggered detections and dark counts. This concept allows to have a reduced material budget and low power consumption in spite of a high granularity and fast timing response. A proof-of-principle prototype was designed and fabricated in a 150 nm CMOS process and vertically integrated through bump bonding. This first demonstrator has been characterized and tested with a high energy particle beams at CERN SPS/PS facilities, in different configurations, featuring a reduction of the dark-count rate (DCR) at room temperature from ∼100 kHz/mm2 to about 24 Hz/mm2 a particle detection efficiency limited only by the geometric factor. The device radiation tolerance has been investigated, via irradiation of single tiers with 10 keV X-rays up to a dose of 1 Mrad (SiO2) and with neutrons up to a fluence of 1011 cm−2. A second prototype, addressing the goal to improve the present fill-factor, has been designed, manufactured and approaches now the characterization phase. Potential applications of this sensor include high spatial resolution tracking in high-energy experiments, radiation monitoring in space and radiation imaging in nuclear medicine. A small hand-held demonstrator is under construction for radio-guided surgery.

This work describes the development of a novel position sensitive charged particle detector suitable for nuclear physics applications, in the field of High Energy Physics experiments and emerging medical applications such as hadrontherapy and Proton Computed Tomography (pCT). The “3D Silicon Coincidence Avalanche Detector” (3D-SiCAD) pixel consists of a pair of 3D vertically aligned Geiger-mode avalanche diodes (SPAD) working in time-coincidence mode. This novel detector features single charged particle detection capability, compatibility with both standard CMOS technology and commercially available 3D integration techniques, and very low noise. In order to demonstrate this latter point, a first 3D-SiCAD prototype has been designed and fabricated using a standard CMOS technology and a 3D assembly technique based on gold micro-bumps. In a first phase, preliminary measurements over two adjacent “in-plane” avalanche diodes operated in coincidence-mode have demonstrated a very high noise rejection capability, up to 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than the intrinsic dark count rate of each SPAD cell. Afterwards, measurements on a real 3D pixel have been carried out, obtaining however noise rejection capabilities lower than expected. Optical cross-talk occurring between the two sensing level of the 3D-SiCAD pixel has been found to be the phenomenon responsible for this underperformance. Nevertheless this limitation can be easily overcome by interposing a fully absorbing/reflecting material between the two sensing levels. These first results are very encouraging for the realization of a fully CMOS integrated 3D-SiCAD detector, targeting application requiring high-precision tracking, ultra-fast response times and very low noise.

The search for the top pair production in the dilepton signature with one electron (or one muon) and one τ lepton decaying hadronically is discussed in this paper. The reported study is based on 359 pb-1 data recorded by the CDF experiment at the Tevatron (FNAL). The dominant backgrounds are due to the process Z → τlτhad, and to events with jets faking τ's, predominantly due to the production of W → lv + jets and the QCD backgrounds. A new method is developed to estimate the τ fake rate as given by these various processes. With the statistics available in this reported study, the probability for the 2.7 ± 0.4 expected background events to give rise to the observed number (5) or more is 15%. This is roughly equivalent to a one sigma excess over the expected background, and is in good agreement with the total number of events expected from the signal and the background, namely: 5.0 ± 0.5. The work is in progress on three times more data and should lead soon to a 3σ evidence and the first experimental observation of this signal. This paper also stress the importance of this signal as an entry point for New Physics, where decays into τ leptons are predicted to be predominant.

For the years to come, Silicon strips detectors will be read using the smallest available integrated technologies for room, transparency, and power considerations. CMOS, Bipolar-CMOS and Silicon-Germanium are presently offered in deepsubmicron (250 down to 90nm) at affordable cost through worldwide integrated circuits multiproject centers. As an example, a 180nm CMOS readout prototype chip has been designed and tested, and gave satisfactory results in terms of noise and power. Beam tests are under work, and prospectives in 130nm will be presented.

In this paper, we present a two-layered silicon sensor working in Geiger-mode avalanche regime and designed for charged particle detection. Each position-sensitive element is comprised of two vertically aligned pixels, exploiting the coincidence between two simultaneous avalanche events to discriminate between particle triggers and dark counts. This approach potentially offers several advantages. First, a low material budget can be achieved thanks to the thinning of the detector down to a few tens of microns (e.g. 50 μm) as the avalanche starts in a shallow region just a few microns deep. Operation in a regime of quenched avalanche allows for an excellent timing resolution and provides an internal gain that makes a front-end amplification stage unnecessary, thus dramatically reducing the power consumption. Fine detector segmentation is possible as the (horizontal) inter-pixel cross-talk in the detection plane can be reduced to a comfortable level while the vertical cross-talk is totally eliminated using a metal light-shield layer. The detector is also insensitive to background light. A number of applications could benefit from a detector with these characteristics, including particle tracking and vertex reconstruction in particle physics experiments at accelerators and in space, as well as ionizing radiation imaging in nuclear medicine and life-sciences.

The study of processes containing T leptons in the final state will play an important role at Tevatron Run II. Such final states will be relevant both for electroweak studies and measurements as well as in searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. The present paper discusses the physics opportunities and challenges related to the implementation of a new set of triggers able to select events containing tau candidates in the final state. We illustrate, in particular, the physics capabilities for a variety of new physics scenarios such as supersymmetry (SUSY), SUSY with Rp-parity violation, with Bilinear parity violation or models with the violation of lepton flavor. Finally, we present the first Run II results obtained using some of the described tau triggers.

The RD it serves all three ILC detector concepts. There is a strong involvement in ILD, a natural collaboration with SiD and recent 4th concept interest to use Silicon tracking technology as well. Here is a very brief summary of the latest results on sensors, Front End Electronics, Mechanics and Integration issues, test bench and test beam results and where to go from there.

Abstract A digital solution to the front-end electronics for calorimetric detectors at future supercolliders is presented. The solution is based on high speed A D converters, a fully programmable pipeline/digital filter chain and local intelligence. Questions of error correction, fault-tolerance and system redundancy are also being considered. A system integration of a multichannel device in a multichip, Silicon-on-Silicon Microsystem hybrid, is used. This solution allows a new level of integration of complex analogue and digital functions, with an excellent flexibility in mixing technologies for the different functional blocks. It also allows a high degree of programmability at both the function and the system level, and offers the possibility of customising the microsystem with detector-specific functions.

We study the production of $t{\bar t}h$ and $t{\bar t}hh$ at hadron colliders, in the minimal Composite Higgs Models, based on the coset $SO(5)/SO(4)$. We explore the fermionic representations ${\bf 5}$ and ${\bf 14}$. A detailed phenomenological analysis is performed, covering the energy range of the LHC and its High Luminosity upgrade, as well as that of a future 100 TeV hadron collider. Both resonant and non-resonant production are considered, stressing the interplay and complementary interest of these channels with each other and double Higgs production. We provide sets of representative points with detailed experimental outcomes in terms of modification of the cross sections as well as resonance masses and branching ratios. For non-resonant production, we gauge the relative importance of Yukawa, Higgs trilinear, and contact $t\bar{t}hh$ vertices to these processes, and consider the prospect for distinguishing the fermion representations from each other and from the Standard Model. In the production of top partners, we find that the three-body decay channel $W^+ W^- t$ becomes significant in certain regions of parameter space having a degenerate spectrum, and is further enhanced with energy. This motivates both higher energy machines as well as the need to go beyond the current analysis performed for the searches for these resonances.

A highly integrated readout scheme for Silicon trackers making use of Deep Sub-Micron CMOS electronics (DSM) and analog sampling techniques is presented. In the context of the International Linear Collider (ILC) tracking detectors developments, a 16-channel readout chip for Silicon strips detector has been designed in 180nm CMOS technology, each channel comprising a low noise amplifier, a pulse shaper, a sample and hold and a comparator operated at low power. Test results are presented.

Abstract At a time when H.E.P. experiments require high speed, high density, high reliability, high performances (low noise, efficient cooling …) and rather sophisticated and multifunction readout electronics, the new technologies of packaging and interconnects are being more and more in demand. This paper reviews the presently available technologies (such as fine-pitch surface mount packages, TAB technology andMCM, i.e. multichip modules), the reasons for using them in H.E.P., and gives examples of some applications being developed and the prospects.

The Pixel Detector is the innermost detector of the tracking system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It precisely determines the interaction point (primary vertex) of the events and the possible secondary vertexes due to heavy flavours ($b$ and $c$ quarks); it is part of the overall tracking system that allows reconstructing the tracks of the charged particles in the events and combined with the magnetic field to measure their impulsion. The pixel detector allows measuring the tracks in the region closest to the interaction point. The Level-1 (real-time) pixel based tracking trigger is a novel trigger system that is currently being studied for the LHC upgrade. An important goal is developing real-time track reconstruction algorithms able to cope with very high rates and high flux of data in a very harsh environment. The pixel detector has an especially crucial role in precisely identifying the primary vertex of the rare physics events from the large pile-up (PU) of events. The goal of adding the pixel information already at the real-time level of the selection is to help reducing the total level-1 trigger rate while keeping an high selection capability. This is quite an innovative and challenging objective for the experiments upgrade for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The special case here addressed is the CMS experiment. This document describes exercises focusing on the development of a fast pixel track reconstruction where the pixel track matches with a Level-1 electron object using a ROOT-based simulation framework.

In this paper, a novel SPAD architecture implemented in Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) CMOS technology is proposed. Thanks to its intrinsic 3D structure, the proposed solution is expected to allow very small pixels while enabling a very high fill factor. Furthermore, the pixel read-out electronics as well as the whole detector electronics can benefit of the well-known advantages brought by SOI technology with respect to bulk CMOS, such as higher speed and lower power consumption. TCAD simulations based on realistic process parameters provided by the foundry are carried out in order to optimize and validate the avalanche diode architecture for an optimal electric field distribution in the device and to obtain a first order estimation of the main parameters of the SPAD, such as the breakdown voltage, the avalanche triggering probability and the dark count rate.

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of a 180nm CMOS technology with high voltage (HV) option in view of the fabrication of a dual-tier, low material budget sensor for charged particle detection. For this purpose, an array of avalanche pixels has been designed. The array includes sensors with a pitch of 50μmx100μm, different sizes (20μmx20μm, 30μmx30μm and 40μmx36μm) and different process layers. Active and passive quenching techniques to suppress the avalanche have been implemented in the front-end electronics, which is integrated in the same substrate as the sensor. The paper presents the results from the characterization of the test chip in terms of breakdown voltage and dark count rate (DCR).

The Pixel Detector is the innermost detector of the tracking system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It precisely determines the interaction point (primary vertex) of the events and the possible secondary vertexes due to heavy flavours ($b$ and $c$ quarks); it is part of the overall tracking system that allows reconstructing the tracks of the charged particles in the events and combined with the magnetic field to measure their impulsion. The pixel detector allows measuring the tracks in the region closest to the interaction point. The Level-1 (real-time) pixel based tracking trigger is a novel trigger system that is currently being studied for the LHC upgrade. An important goal is developing real-time track reconstruction algorithms able to cope with very high rates and high flux of data in a very harsh environment. The pixel detector has an especially crucial role in precisely identifying the primary vertex of the rare physics events from the large pile-up (PU) of events. The goal of adding the pixel information already at the real-time level of the selection is to help reducing the total level-1 trigger rate while keeping an high selection capability. This is quite an innovative and challenging objective for the experiments upgrade for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The special case here addressed is the CMS experiment. This document describes exercises focusing on the development of a fast pixel track reconstruction where the pixel track matches with a Level-1 electron object using a ROOT-based simulation framework.

The successful running of the large area Silicon trackers of ATLAS and CMS at LHC, and the ongoing R&D for the upgrade of these tracking systems, in various stages, over this decade, are a full proof of this technology and of its still impressive potential. The Linear Collider project is waiting for the possible discovery of a light Higgs at LHC maybe by end of 2012. These facts opened a new phase for the R&D on Silicon tracking for the Linear Collider, with enhanced synergy with LHC, Astrophysics and other HEP experiments, thus leading to new perspectives and alternatives.

An active R&D on silicon tracking for the linear collider, SiLC, is pursued since several years to develop the new generation of large area silicon trackers for the future linear collider(s). The R&D objectives on new sensors, new front end processing of the signal, and the related mechanical and integration challenges for building such large detectors within the proposed detector concepts are described. Synergies and differences with the LHC construction and upgrades are explained. The differences between the linear collider projects, namely the international linear collider, ILC, and the compact linear collider, CLIC, are discussed as well. Two final objectives are presented for the construction of this important sub-detector for the future linear collider experiments: a relatively short term design based on micro-strips combined or not with a gaseous central tracker and a longer term design based on an all-pixel tracker. The R&D objectives on sensors include single sided micro-strips as baseline for the shorter term with the strips from large wafers (at least 6 in), 200 μm thick, 50 μm pitch and the edgeless and alignment friendly options. This work is conducted by SiLC in collaboration with three technical research centers in Italy, Finland, and Spain and HPK. SiLC is studied as well, using advanced Si sensor technologies for higher granularity trackers especially short strips and pixels all based on 3D technology. New Deep Sub-Micron CMOS mix mode (analog and digital) FE and readout electronics are developed to fully process the detector signals currently adapted to the ILC cycle. It is a high-level processing and a fully programmable ASIC; highly fault tolerant. In its latest version, handling 128 channels will equip these next coming years larger size silicon tracking prototypes at test beams. Connection of the FEE chip on the silicon detector especially in the strip case is a major issue. Very preliminary results with inline pitch adapter based on wiring were just achieved. Bump-bonding or 3D vertical interconnect is the other SiLC R&D objective. The goal is to simplify the overall architecture and decrease the material budget of these devices. Three tracking concepts are briefly discussed, two of which are part of the ILC Letter of Intent of the ILD and SiD detector concepts. These last years, SiLC successfully performed beam tests to experience and test these R&D lines.

The successful running of the large area Silicon trackers of ATLAS and CMS at LHC, and the ongoing R&D for the upgrade of these tracking systems, in various stages, over this decade, are a full proof of this technology and of its still impressive potential. The Linear Collider project is waiting for the possible discovery of a light Higgs at LHC maybe by end of 2012. These facts opened a new phase for the R&D on Silicon tracking for the Linear Collider, with enhanced synergy with LHC, Astrophysics and other HEP experiments, thus leading to new perspectives and alternatives.

As scientific research increasingly requires the efforts of globally diverse, multidisciplinary teams from different laboratories and organizations, there surfaces a need to facilitate this kind of collaborative work. These large-scale scientific initiatives, where information technology plays an important role, are termed e-Science; e-Science activities employ geographically distributed resources like high performance computing facilities, scientific instruments, databases, and high performance networks. Future Application and Middleware Technology on e-Science presents selected papers from the 2008 Korea e-Science All-Hands-Meeting (AHM 2008). Hosted by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), the Korea e-Science AHM was designed to bring together developers and users of e-Science applications and enabling information technologies from international and interdisciplinary research communities. The AHM 2008 conference served as a forum for engineers and scientists to present state-of-the-art research and product/tool developments, and to highlight related activities in all fields of e-Science. The following topics concerning e-Science are covered in this volume: e-Science applications in Physics, Astronomy, and Chemistry e-Science applications in Bio-medicine and Life science e-Science applications in Geo-science with remote sensing e-Science applications in Climates and Earth systems e-Science applications in Engineering (Aerospace, Ship, Automobile, and etc) Grid technologies (Computing, Data, VO, and etc) Collaborative science models and techniques Enabling technologies of Workflows and Web services Resource management and scheduling Problem solving environments Scientific data management Application development environments Robust and transparent middleware Programming paradigms and models Software engineering tools Community development and engagement User outreach, training, and documentation The works presented in this edited volume bring together cross-disciplinary information on e-Science in one cohesive source. This book is suitable for the professional audience composed of industry researchers and practitioners of e-Science. This volume is also suitable for advanced-level students in the field.

Ce travail vise a demontrer les capacites d’un nouveau type de detecteur de particules chargees, beneficiant des progres recents en integration microelectronique 3D, pour des applications medicales avancees telles que l’hadrontherapie (ex. reduction des incertitudes dans la fluence pour delivrer la bonne dose, etiquetage precis d'un temps d'arrivee des ions pour la selection en temps de vol des rayons gamma prompts) et la radiographie - tomographie proton (ex. filtrage des neutrons et des rayons gamma, amelioration potentielle de la resolution spatiale). Ce detecteur integre en technologie CMOS est appele 3D-SiCAD (3D Silicon Coincidence Avalanche Detector). Il met en oeuvre un mode de coincidence interne innovant, objet d’une forte activite R&D au niveau international, base sur un empilement vertical de pixels de type SPAD -Single Photon Avalanche Diode (mode Geiger) permettant d’ameliorer significativement la discrimination entre les evenements lies au passage de particules (declenchement simultane de deux pixels) et le bruit intrinseque. L’originalite de notre demarche consiste en l’application de ce concept innovateur aux applications medicales. Les etapes de conception du premier prototype ainsi que les principaux resultats obtenus seront presentes avec notamment : i) les performances de la diode SPAD seule realisee en technologie CMOS 0.35μm avec par exemple un taux de comptage dans l’obscurite moyen de 70Hz/μm², ii) la demonstration experimentale de la diminution du bruit apparent (taux de comptage de faux evenements) grâce a la detection en coincidence dans une courte fenetre temporelle. En pratique, le taux de rejection du bruit peut atteindre un facteur x103 dans les conditions optimales, iii) la mise en oeuvre de cette solution technologique pour la mesure de l’activite d’une source de strontium. Finalement les performances actuelles, les pistes d’amelioration possibles ainsi qu’une revue des travaux en cours et futurs seront brievement discutes.

Silicon PMTs revolutionized the High Energy Physics instrumentation, first for the Calorimeters. Exploiting the Silicon PM technology and beyond, their pixel structure and avalanche regime, leads to novel tracking techniques, either applied to large area tracking systems or digital 3D avalanche pixel devices.

In the context of the Silicon tracking for a Linear Collider (SiLC) R&D collaboration, a highly compact mixed-signal chip has been designed in 130nm CMOS technology intended to read Silicon strip detectors for the experiments at the future International Linear Collider. The chip includes eighty eight channels of a full analog signal processing chain and analog to digital conversion with the corresponding digital controls and readout channels. The chip is 5x10mm2 where the analog implementation represents 4/5 of the total Silicon area.

Some preliminary thoughts on how to design and develop the DAQ architecture for the Silicon tracking system at the future Linear electron positron collider, are briefly presented here. The proposed structure includes three DAQ levels. The first level is based on a high level processing mix-mode ASIC sitting on the detector. The second level still on the detector is a DSP like interface that will send the processed data to the general DAQ system. Several novel technological aspects are part of this development. The role of the ongoing test beam activities with detector prototypes as training camp is emphasized.

The latest results concerning the Flavour Physics at facilities other than B-factories are reviewed. Included here are the results from LEP, CESR, RHIC, HERA and Tevatron and to conclude the prospects at LHC. The goal of this review is to show that Heavy Flavour Physics is one of the most promising place to explore beyond the standard model and also that this is not (anymore) the privileged physics topic of the B-factories.

Memorial Volume for Jack Steinberger, pp. 95-99 (2022) No AccessQCD ANALYSIS OF CHARGED-CURRENT STRUCTURE FUNCTIONSJ.G.H. de GROOT, T. HANSL, M. HOLDER, J. KNOBLOCH, J. MAY, H.P. PAAR, P. PALAZZI, A. PARA, F. RANJARD, D. SCHLATTER, J. STEINBERGER, H. SUTER, W. von RÜDEN, H. WAHL, S. WHITAKER, E.G.H. WILLIAMS, F. EISELE, K. KLEINKNECHT, H. LIERL, G. SPAHN, H.J. WILLUTZKI, W. DORTH, F. DYDAK, C. GEWENIGER, V. HEPP, K. TITTEL, J. WOTSCHACK, P. BLOCH, B. DEVAUX, S. LOUCATOS, J. MAILLARD, J.P. MERLO, B. PEYAUD, J. RANDER, A. SAVOY-NAVARRO, R. TURLAY, and F.L. NAVARRIAJ.G.H. de GROOTCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, T. HANSLCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, M. HOLDERCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, J. KNOBLOCHCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, J. MAYCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, H.P. PAARCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, P. PALAZZICERN, Geneva, Switzerland, A. PARACERN, Geneva, Switzerland, F. RANJARDCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, D. SCHLATTERCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, J. STEINBERGERCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, H. SUTERCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, W. von RÜDENCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, H. WAHLCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, S. WHITAKERCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, E.G.H. WILLIAMSCERN, Geneva, Switzerland, F. EISELEInstitut für Physik der Universität, Dortmund, Germany, K. KLEINKNECHTInstitut für Physik der Universität, Dortmund, Germany, H. LIERLInstitut für Physik der Universität, Dortmund, Germany, G. SPAHNInstitut für Physik der Universität, Dortmund, Germany, H.J. WILLUTZKIInstitut für Physik der Universität, Dortmund, Germany, W. DORTHInstitut für Hochenergiephysik der Universität Heidelberg, Germany, F. DYDAKInstitut für Hochenergiephysik der Universität Heidelberg, Germany, C. GEWENIGERInstitut für Hochenergiephysik der Universität Heidelberg, Germany, V. HEPPInstitut für Hochenergiephysik der Universität Heidelberg, Germany, K. TITTELInstitut für Hochenergiephysik der Universität Heidelberg, Germany, J. WOTSCHACKInstitut für Hochenergiephysik der Universität Heidelberg, Germany, P. BLOCHD.Ph.P.E., CEN-Saclay, France, B. DEVAUXD.Ph.P.E., CEN-Saclay, France, S. LOUCATOSD.Ph.P.E., CEN-Saclay, France, J. MAILLARDD.Ph.P.E., CEN-Saclay, France, J.P. MERLOD.Ph.P.E., CEN-Saclay, France, B. PEYAUDD.Ph.P.E., CEN-Saclay, France, J. RANDERD.Ph.P.E., CEN-Saclay, France, A. SAVOY-NAVARROD.Ph.P.E., CEN-Saclay, France, R. TURLAYD.Ph.P.E., CEN-Saclay, France, and F.L. NAVARRIAIstituto di Fisica dell'Università, Bologna, Italyhttps://doi.org/10.1142/9789811264436_0018Cited by:0 (Source: Crossref) PreviousNext AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsRecommend to Library ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract: The structure functions F2(x, Q2) and xF3(x, Q2) measured in high-energy neutrino charged-current interactions on nuclei are compared with QCD predictions. Solutions to the moment equations of QCD are found which are in good agreement with the data and yield simple parametrisations of the structure functions. For the scale parameter Λ we find Λ = 0.5 + 0.2 GeV. The analysis also results in values for the width of the gluon distribution as a function of Q2. We find (x)gluons = 0.16 ± 0.03 for Q2 = 10 GeV2. Reprinted from Physics Letters B, Vol. 82, J.G.H. de Groot et al., QCD analysis of charged-current structure functions, pp. 456–460, Copyright (1979), with permission from Elsevier. FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Recommended Memorial Volume for Jack SteinbergerMetrics History PDF download

The experiments at LHC are implementing novel and challenging detector upgrades for the High Luminosity LHC, among which the tracking systems. This paper reports on performance studies, illustrated by an electron trigger, using a simplified pixel tracker. To achieve a real-time trigger (e.g. processing HL-LHC collision events at 40 MHz), simple algorithms are developed for reconstructing pixel-based tracks and track isolation, utilizing look-up tables based on pixel detector information. Significant gains in electron trigger performance are seen when pixel detector information is included. In particular, a rate reduction up to a factor of 20 is obtained with a signal selection efficiency of more than 95\% over the whole $\eta$ coverage of this detector. Furthermore, it reconstructs p-p collision points in the beam axis (z) direction, with a high precision of 20 $\mu$m resolution in the very central region ($|\eta| < 0.8$), and, up to 380 $\mu$m in the forward region (2.7 $< |\eta| <$ 3.0). This study as well as the results can easily be adapted to the muon case and to the different tracking systems at LHC and other machines beyond the HL-LHC. The feasibility of such real-time processing of the pixel information is mainly constrained by the Level-1 trigger latency of the experiment. How this might be overcome by the Front-End ASIC design, new processors, and embedded Artificial Intelligence algorithms is briefly tackled as well.

Some preliminary thoughts on how to design and develop the DAQ architecture for the Silicon tracking system at the future Linear electron positron collider, are briefly presented here. The proposed structure includes three DAQ levels. The first level is based on a high level processing mix-mode ASIC sitting on the detector. The second level still on the detector is a DSP like interface that will send the processed data to the general DAQ system. Several novel technological aspects are part of this development. The role of the ongoing test beam activities with detector prototypes as training camp is emphasized.

In the context of the Silicon tracking for a Linear Collider (SiLC) R&amp;D collaboration, a highly compact mixed-signal chip has been designed in 130nm CMOS technology intended to read Silicon strip detectors for the experiments at the future International Linear Collider. The chip includes eighty eight channels of a full analog signal processing chain and analog to digital conversion with the corresponding digital controls and readout channels. The chip is 5x10mm2 where the analog implementation represents 4/5 of the total Silicon area.

The R&amp;D Collaboration SiLC (Silicon tracking for Linear Colliders) is based on generic R&amp;D aiming to develop the next generation of large Silicon tracking systems for the Linear collider experiments; it serves all three ILC detector concepts. There is a strong involvement in ILD, a natural collaboration with SiD and recent 4th concept interest to use Silicon tracking technology as well. Here is a very brief summary of the latest results on sensors, Front End Electronics, Mechanics and Integration issues, test bench and test beam results and where to go from there.

Some thoughts are presented on the development of detector systems for future high energy physics experiments. These systems must be able to achieve simultaneous, reliable, high-efficiency identification and measurement of all objects that make up an “event.” This will require a world-wide collaborative effort, an active research and development program, and an upgrade of challenging running experiments. (AIP)