A. Savin

The successful operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the excellent performance of the ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE detectors in Run-1 and Run-2 with $pp$ collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV as well as the giant leap in precision calculations and modeling of fundamental interactions at hadron colliders have allowed an extraordinary breadth of physics studies including precision measurements of a variety physics processes. The LHC results have so far confirmed the validity of the Standard Model of particle physics up to unprecedented energy scales and with great precision in the sectors of strong and electroweak interactions as well as flavour physics, for instance in top quark physics. The upgrade of the LHC to a High Luminosity phase (HL-LHC) at 14 TeV center-of-mass energy with 3 ab$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity will probe the Standard Model with even greater precision and will extend the sensitivity to possible anomalies in the Standard Model, thanks to a ten-fold larger data set, upgraded detectors and expected improvements in the theoretical understanding. This document summarises the physics reach of the HL-LHC in the realm of strong and electroweak interactions and top quark physics, and provides a glimpse of the potential of a possible further upgrade of the LHC to a 27 TeV $pp$ collider, the High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC), assumed to accumulate an integrated luminosity of 15 ab$^{-1}$.

Experimental results from HERA on diffractive vector meson production and their theoretical interpretation within microscopic QCD are reviewed with an emphasis on the BFKL color dipole and k T -factorization approaches.

The characteristics of the L3 hadron calorimeter as realized in the observation of hadronic jets and other events from e+e− collisions at LEP are presented and discussed. The pattern-recognition algorithm utilizing the fine granulatiry of the calorimeter is described, and the observed overall resolution of 10.2% for hadron jets from Z decay is reported. The use of the calorimeter in providing information on muon energy losses is also noted.

Motivated by the success of the flavour physics programme carried out over the last decade at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), we characterize in detail the physics potential of its High-Luminosity and High-Energy upgrades in this domain of physics. We document the extraordinary breadth of the HL/HE-LHC programme enabled by a putative Upgrade II of the dedicated flavour physics experiment LHCb and the evolution of the established flavour physics role of the ATLAS and CMS general purpose experiments. We connect the dedicated flavour physics programme to studies of the top quark, Higgs boson, and direct high-$p_T$ searches for new particles and force carriers. We discuss the complementarity of their discovery potential for physics beyond the Standard Model, affirming the necessity to fully exploit the LHC's flavour physics potential throughout its upgrade eras.

The performance of a uranium gas sampling hadron calorimeter is described. It has been observed that the hydrogen content of the gas mixture plays an important role in defining the behaviour of this type of calorimeter. The low-energy neutrons emerging from a hadron cascade are detected much more efficiently in a hydrogenous gas; thus leakage or containment of these neutrons becomes an important feature of the calorimeter setup.

We project the performance of the ATLAS liquid argon endcap and forward calorimeters at the planned high luminosity LHC option HL-LHC by exposing small calorimeter modules of the electromagnetic, hadronic, and forward calorimeters to high intensity beams at IHEP/Protvino. The beam intensity extends well beyond the maximum expected for these calorimeters at HL-LHC. The signal reconstruction and calorimeter performance have been studied in full detail.

A rigorous non-linear analysis of the orbital stability of plane periodic motions (pendulum oscillations and rotations) of a dynamically symmetrical heavy rigid body with one fixed point is carried out. It is assumed that the principal moments of inertia of the rigid body, calculated for the fixed point, are related by the same equation as in the Kovalevskaya case, but here no limitations are imposed on the position of the mass centre of the body. In the case of oscillations of small amplitude and in the case of rotations with high angular velocities, when it is possible to introduce a small parameter, the orbital stability is investigated analytically. For arbitrary values of the parameters, the non-linear problem of orbital stability is reduced to an analysis of the stability of a fixed point of the simplectic mapping, generated by the system of equations of perturbed motion. The simplectic mapping coefficients are calculated numerically, and from their values, using well-known criteria, conclusions are drawn regarding the orbital stability or instability of the periodic motion. It is shown that, when the mass centre lies on the axis of dynamic symmetry (the case of Lagrange integrability), the well-known stability criteria are inapplicable. In this case, the orbital instability of the periodic motions is proved using Chetayev's theorem. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of stability diagrams in the parameter plane of the problem.

Configurations of sampling calorimeters with iron, lead and uranium as absorbers have been investigated using liquid ionization chambers as active elements. As liquid tetramethylsilane has been used. Results of beam tests with electrons, pions and muons in the energy range of 2 to 6 GeV are presented and compared with Monte Carlo simulations. In particular the questions regarding which configuration can compensate and the separation of sampling from intrinsic fluctuations have been studied.

Abstract Results of experimental studies of the performance of the uranium calorimeter with gas sampling detectors are presented. There is further evidence showing the importance of the contribution of the neutron component of a hadronic shower to the detected signal. The response and the resolution of the uranium calorimeter are measured in the momentum range 0.3–6.0 GeV/ c for the different incident particles and different gases that are used in the detectors. For a calorimeter structure with double-gas-detector layers, the correlation between signals from two calorimeters formed by chambers filled with different gas mixtures is measured. The topics that are relevant to the performance of the L3 uranium-gas sampling calorimeter - such as its operation in the magnetic field, the energy dependence of muon response, the uranium noise, as well as the electronics optimization - are discussed.

The CMS Regional Calorimeter Trigger (RCT) receives eight-bit energies and a data quality bit from the HCAL and ECAL Trigger Primitive Generators (TPGs). The RCT uses these trigger primitives to find e/γ candidates and calculate regional calorimeter sums that are sent to the Global Calorimeter Trigger (GCT) for sorting and further processing. The RCT hardware consists of one clock distribution crate and 18 double-sided crates containing custom boards, ASICs, and backplanes. The RCT electronics have been completely installed since 2007. The RCT has been integrated into the CMS Level-1 Trigger chain. Regular runs, triggering on cosmic rays, prepare the CMS detector for the restart of the LHC. During this running, the RCT control is handled centrally by CMS Run Control and Monitor System communicating with the Trigger Supervisor. Online Data Quality Monitoring (DQM) evaluates the performance of the RCT during these runs. Offline DQM allows more detailed studies, including trigger efficiencies. These and other results from cosmicray data taking with the RCT will be presented.

This article reviews the available literature on the SARS-Cov-2 virus and its similarities with its predecessors. The mechanisms of infection due to the structure and epidemiology of the virus are described. Based on these data, the pathogenesis of COVID- 19 infection is described. Based on this, the authors suggest probable extrapulmonary target cells and target organs for the virus depending on their expression ofthe vector protein, APF-2. The article describes a classic clinical picture of the disease, possible complications of its course, and the extrapulmonary (cardiac, immunological, renal) manifestations ofthe infection. The authors traced and described the chain of knowledge about the involvement of the kidneys in the pathological process at COVID-19. Based on numerous studies, we are looking at the site of acute renal injury, coagulopathy, systemic inflammatory response in the spectrum of manifestations of COVID-19 relative to kidneys in patients with COVID-19, including those with hemodialysis. The article builds clinical-morphological associations between lung and kidney damage at COVID-19. We present new data on the pathomorphological manifestations of COVID-19 in the lungs, including own autopsy data. Specificsigns of the effects of the virus on alveolocytes and its cytopathic effect are highlighted and described. The article focuses on kidney signs of infection. The authors give new results of their own observations obtained during an autopsy of patients with COVID-19. Detailed morphological changes in kidney structures have been described, proving that the human kidney is a specific target for SARS-Cov-2 infection, and can also serve as a viral reservoir for the pathogen, playing a role in its subsequent persistence.

After a succesful startup of the LHC scientific program that has led to discovery of the Higgs boson it is time to make plans for the future. The high luminosity LHC (HLLHC) project is discussed, plans for possible Higgs and SM measurements are reviewed.

A set of selected standard model measurements proposed for the ATLAS and CMS experiments after the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC is discussed.The measurements are separated into two categories: precise measurements that benefit from both improved systematic uncertainties and increased luminosity, like W or top masses, or weak mixing angle measurements; measurements of low cross section production that benefit mainly from luminosity increase and detector improvements, like diboson (VV) VBS polarized cross section measurements or study of triboson (VVV) production.

Abstract The design and the mass production of the proportional wire chambers for the barrel part of the uranium-gas sampling hadron calorimeter of the L3 detector at the CERN Large Electron-Positron storage ring (LEP) are described. The chambers meet the specific requirements arising from the limited space available to the calorimeter, the radioactivity of uranium, and the physics criteria of good energy and position resolution for incident hadrons. The mass production techniques employed ensured that all of the 371664 chamber cells have uniform response (with 5% accuracy) to ionizing particles. Over 8000 chambers of the same design, in 53 different sizes, were manufactured and tested at the ITEP (Moscow), at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor) and at the IHEP (Beijing).

Two extensions of the standard model, one that includes the seesaw mechanism of type II, and the minimal supersymmetric extention to the standard model, are studied using up to 1.6 fb−1 of data collected in proton-proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC.

The article summarizes the main recent measurements related to production of the W and Z bosons at the Tevatron and the LHC experiments. The results of the measurements are compared to the standard model predictions.

We present the mini-proceedings of the workshop on ``Photoproduction at collider energies: from RHIC and HERA to the LHC'' held at the European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*, Trento) from January 15 to 19, 2007. The workshop gathered both theorists and experimentalists to discuss the current status of investigations of high-energy photon-induced processes at different colliders (HERA, RHIC, and Tevatron) as well as preparations for extension of these studies at the LHC. The main physics topics covered were: (i) small-$x$ QCD in photoproduction studies with protons and in electromagnetic (aka. ultraperipheral) nucleus-nucleus collisions, (ii) hard diffraction physics at hadron colliders, and (iii) photon-photon collisions at very high energies: electroweak and beyond the Standard Model processes. These mini-proceedings consist of an introduction and short summaries of the talks presented at the meeting.

Due to the severe radiation environment, the ATLAS experiment has chosen a compact tungsten/liquid argon forward hadronic calorimeter. The electrode design is unique and consists of hexagonally packed, tubular, thin gap electrodes running parallel to the beam direction. We describe the design criteria, the novel construction methods based on sintered tungsten components, and initial high energy beam tests at CERN.

We studied the characteristics of scintillating tiles with wavelength shifting fiber readout. The focus of this work has been directed toward the design and development of the Scintillating Barrel Calorimeter - the copper-scintillator tail catcher device - for the GEM detector at the SSC. However, these studies are applicable as well to the design of the hadron calorimeter for the Compact Muon Solenoid detector proposed for the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. We report on the results of light yield, response uniformity and timing measurements for tile-fiber configurations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Abstract The dynamics of both the ionic and orientational defects in hydrogen halides has been studied on the basis of multi-component soliton models. The mobility of the positive ionic defects has been shown to essentially exceed the mobility of the negative ionic defects. On the contrary, the positive (negative) orientational defects have been shown to be immobile ( mobile ) objects.

The performance of the ATLAS electromagnetic liquid argon/brass forward calorimeter with its new readout geometry consisting of tube/rod electrodes with cylindrical shell gaps, has been evaluated with a full depth prototype in a testbeam experiment with electrons in 1995. The results for signal linearity of better than 1% and a constant term in the relative energy resolution of 3% meet and even exceed the original performance requirements very well. Space resolution in the order of 0.5 mm in the high energy limit, and an insignificant signal dependency on the electron impact angle have been found in addition.

The QCD tests that have beenperformed recently at the LHC extends significantly kinematic regions explored previously at the Tevatron. Production of jets,measured with high experimental precission, allow for comparison with different theoretical models and extraction of quantities important for standard model predictions. The new measurements contribute also to the PDF constraints. These proceedings present a short overview of the recent QCD results from collider experiments. Presented at Blois2015 27th Rencontres de Blois Particle Physics and Cosmology TEST OF QCD AT COLLIDERS Alexander A. Savin on behalf of the ATLAS, CDF, D0 and CMS Collaborations Physics Dept., University of Wisconsin, 1150 University Ave., Madison WI 53706-1390, USA on leave from NPI Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia The QCD tests that have been performed recently at the LHC extend significantly kinematic regions explored previously at the Tevatron. Production of jets, measured with high experimental precision, allow for comparison with different theoretical models and extraction of quantities important for standard model predictions. The new measurements contribute also to the PDF constraints. These proceedings present a short overview of the recent QCD results from collider experiments.

After a succesful startup of the LHC scientific program that has led to discovery of the Higgs boson it is time to make plans for the future. The high luminosity LHC (HLLHC) project is discussed, plans for possible Higgs and SM measurements are reviewed.

A set of selected electroweak measurements from the LHC experiments is discussed. Results on forward-backward asymmetry in production of the Drell-Yan events in both dielectron and dimuon decay channels are presented together with results on the effective mixing angle measurements. Angular coefficients measured in the Z boson production are compared with theoretical predictions. Electroweak production of the vector bosons in association with two jets is presented.

In this summary we give a concise overview of the experimental and theoretical results, which were presented during the QCD and Hadronic Final State Working Group sessions at the DIS 2007 workshop.

In this summary we give a concise overview of the experimental and theoretical results, which were presented during the QCD and Hadronic Final State Working Group sessions at the DIS 2007 workshop.a This is not consistent, one-loop matching needs a two-loop running.

Final states provide a unique source of information to study elementary particle interactions. They make it possible to test our general understanding of QCD, explore QCD evolution in limiting regimes and also provide a solid reference for new physics searches. It is beyond question that precise input from the Standard Model (SM) is needed for many new physics searches that could be carried out at the upcoming LHC, most notably precise values of αs and of the parton density functions (PDF) are needed. The role of HERA and the Tevatron in this respect is indisputable. In this document we summarize the current experimental and theoretical efforts in this direction presented at our Working Group [1].

The HL-LHC project aims to achieve instantaneous luminosity a factor of five larger than the nominal LHC value. With this modification the LHC will be able to deliver 3000 fb$^{−1}$ of inte- grated luminosity over 10 years of operation, 2028 - 2038, to be compared to 300 fb$^{−1}$ expected to be collected by the end of 2023. A set of selected standard model measurements proposed for the CMS experiment after High-Luminosity upgrade of the LHC is discussed. The measurements are separated into three categories: precise measurements that profit from both improved systematic uncertainties and increased luminosity, like top mass and weak mixing angle measurements; mea- surements with low cross section that profit mainly from luminosity increase, like flavor changing neutral current in top production or VV VBS polarized cross section measurements; and measure- ments that profit from improved detector performance, like studying of B decays to four kaons or tau leptons to three muons.

The aim of the work was to study the biochemical and antioxidant blood parameters of pigs of the Duroc breed. The fattening of pigs was of the same type in terms of the ration and was carried out at automatic feeding stations in OOO «Selective-hybrid center», Voronezh region, Verkhnyaya Khava settlement. The animals were divided into 2 groups depending on the duration of feeding (65 and 72 days as groups 1 and 2, respectively). It was shown that all biochemical and antioxidant parameters of the blood of pigs (of both groups) were within the physiological norms for these animals. However, these indicators slightly differed in a number of values: creatinine – 112,88 and 97,08 mM/L; glucose – 5,33 and 3,88 mM/L; «de Ritis» coefficient – 1,20 and 0,81; alkaline phosphatase – 187,9 and 172,2 IU/L; calcium – 2,74 and 2,48 mM/L; phosphorus – 2,96 and 3,48 mM/L; magnesium – 1,28 and 1,15 mM/L; the total amount of water-soluble antioxidants is 9,77 and 7,50 mg/L for groups 1 and 2, respectively. The interconnection of biochemical and antioxidant parameters of pigs of the Duroc breed (after 65 and 72 days of feeding) was carried out for the first time. These data can be useful for understanding the features of physiological status of pigs and further applications.

Low dimensional fermionic quantum systems are exceptionally interesting because they reveal distinctive physical phenomena, including among others, topologically protected excitations, edge states, frustration, and fractionalization. Two-dimensional $^3$He has indeed shown a remarkable variety of phases including the unusual quantum spin liquid. Our aim was to lower the dimension of the $^3$He system even more by confining it on a suspended carbon nanotube. In our measurements the mechanical resonance of the nanotube with adsorbed sub-monolayer of $^3$He was measured as a function of coverage and temperature down to 10\;mK. At lowest temperatures and low coverages we have observed a liquid-gas coexistence which transforms to the famous 1/3 commensurate solid phase at intermediate densities. However, at larger monolayer densities we have observed a quantum phase transition from 1/3 solid to a completely new, soft and mobile solid phase. We interpret this mobile solid phase as a bosonic commensurate crystal consisting of helium dimers with topologically protected zero-point vacancies which are delocalized at low temperatures. We thus demonstrate that $^3$He on a nanotube merges both fermionic and bosonic phenomena, with a quantum phase transition between fermionic solid 1/3 phase and a newly observed bosonic dimer solid. The mobility and softness of the bosonic dimer solid are conditioned by topology-induced vacancies which become delocalized at low temperatures owing to a large zero-point motion.

In this summary we give a concise overview of the experimental and theoretical results, which were presented during the QCD and Hadronic Final State Working Group sessions at the DIS 2007 workshop.

Recent measurements of the jet production at HERA are presented.

First released in 2010, the Rivet library forms an important repository for analysis code, facilitating comparisons between measurements of the final state in particle collisions and theoretical calculations of those final states.We give an overview of Rivet's current design and implementation, its uptake for analysis preservation and physics results, and summarise recent developments including propagation of MC systematic-uncertainty weights, heavy-ion and ep physics, and systems for detector emulation.In addition, we provide a short user guide that supplements and updates the Rivet user manual.

First released in 2010, the Rivet library forms an important repository for analysis code, facilitating comparisons between measurements of the final state in particle collisions and theoretical calculations of those final states.We give an overview of Rivet's current design and implementation, its uptake for analysis preservation and physics results, and summarise recent developments including propagation of MC systematic-uncertainty weights, heavy-ion and ep physics, and systems for detector emulation.In addition, we provide a short user guide that supplements and updates the Rivet user manual.

A new high precision inclusive measurement of the diffractive production of D∗±(2010) mesons in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) in the kinematic region Q2>1.5 GeV2, 0.02< y <0.7, χIP < 0.035 as well as differential dijet cross sections in low-|t| diffractive photoproduction (PHP) process in the kinematic region Q2 <0.01 GeV2, 165< W <240 GeV2, χIP < 0.03 are presented. Diffractive parton densities extracted using a NLO DGLAP QCD fit are used for comparisons with diffractive DIS and PHP dijet and open charm cross sections at HERA and the Tevatron, thus testing the factorization properties of hard diffraction.

In recent years, there have been changes in the tax legislation of Russia. Constantly changing living conditions, the digitalization of the economy, the introduction of new developments do not allow the tax sector to remain at the same level as yesterday. Improving the environment for the prosperity of entrepreneurship entails not only an improvement in the economic situation, but also risks associated with non-compliance with tax legislation. In this connection, there is a need to strengthen control. The process that has been gaining popularity recently is becoming "compliance", in particular tax. The gradual introduction of tax compliance in Russia is associated with the beginning of the progressive introduction of control into the domestic taxation system.

The inclusive education of children requires teachers to have an adequate attitude to a special child in a children's team, the ability to provide him with psychological and pedagogical support and reveal the creative potential of each child. In this regard, the question arises about the need for high-quality training of specialists in the field of pedagogy and psychology for inclusive educational institutions. The qualitative realization of the educational needs of each child, regardless of his physical, mental and intellectual abilities, depends on the psychological and pedagogical competence of specialists engaged in the educational process. And first of all, an important component of the professional competence of specialists here is psychological readiness for pedagogical work with children in an inclusive education. The purpose of the work is to investigate the psychological and pedagogical problems of the implementation of inclusive education and the directions of their solution.

The current stage of development of the agricultural industry is characterized by high rates of automation of production processes. In this regard, the problem of rationalizing the process of distributing agricultural resources and organizing the production chain with added value is becoming more acute. An effective solution to this problem can be a closed-cycle economy model. This model can contribute to the rational use of resources, reduce production losses, and, as a result, improve the quality of products and their volumes. It is necessary to develop a general plan for the implementation of the main postulates of the closed-cycle economy in agriculture, gradually implement the circular economy strategy and include new industrial circular economy in the process of modernization of a particular branch of agriculture. In some areas of agriculture, a cycle of production systems should be established as soon as possible. With the basic implementation of new industrial technologies and industrial development, as well as the stability of the reserves of social resources, it is necessary to steadily increase the new cycle of industrialization in agriculture.

Entangled microwave photons form a fundamental resource for quantum information processing and sensing with continuous variables. We use a low-loss Josephson metamaterial comprising superconducting, non-linear, asymmetric inductive elements to generate frequency-entangled photons from vacuum fluctuations at a rate of 2 giga entangled bits per second spanning over 4 GHz bandwidth. The device is operated as a traveling wave parametric amplifier under Kerr-relieving biasing conditions. Furthermore, we realize the first successfully demonstration of single-mode squeezing in such devices -- $3.1\pm0.7$\,dB below the zero-point level at half of modulation frequency.

The exclusive photoproduction of J/ψ mesons, γp→J/ψp, has been studied in ep collisions with the ZEUS and H1 detectors at HERA using the e+e− and μ+μ− decay modes. The total cross section has been measured as a function of the photon-proton center-of-mass energy, W, in the kinematic range 20⩽W⩽290 GeV for ZEUS and 26⩽W⩽285 GeV for H1. The differential cross section dσ/dt, where t is the squared four-momentum at the proton vertex, has been measured. The Pomeron trajectory has been determined.

In all stages of economic construction, the Soviet state has used prices as an economic management lever that makes it possible to use state price regulation to direct and stimulate the development of production and the economy as a whole in the necessary directions, proportions, and macroparameters. (1) This role of prices stems first and foremost from the character of the action of the law of value under the conditions of a socialist economy, which exerts some regulatory influence on the economics of social production. (2)

Diffractive processes in photon-proton interactions at HERA offer the opportunity to improve the understanding of the transition between the soft, non-perturbative regime in hadronic interactions at $Q^2 = 0$ and the perturbative region at high $Q^2$. Recent experimental results from HERA on inclusive diffractive scattering, exclusive vector meson production and the properties of the hadronic final state in diffraction are reviewed. The results are discussed in the context of current theoretical models.

Due to the severe radiation environment, the ATLAS experiment has chosen a compact tungsten/liquid argon forward hadronic calorimeter. The electrode design is unique and consists of hexagonally packed, tubular, thin gap electrodes running parallel to the beam direction. We describe the design criteria, the novel construction methods based on sintered tungsten components, and initial high energy beam tests at CERN.

The chemical compatibility of wave length shifting fibers with several liquid scintillators has been investigated. Based on systematic characterization of the behavior of the BC-517 family, a time of life of 70{endash}450 years was estimated for the polystyrene based wave length shifting fiber in BC-517P scintillator. WLS (wavelength shifting) fibers irradiated continuously to a dose of 6.4 Mrads (at .377Mrad/hr of Co-60) were observed to decrease from 100% to 5% transmission; however, after 100 hours of annealing, the transmission increased to 90%. Geant simulations of a simplified calorimeter located behind a BaF2 electromagnetic calorimeter for the GEM detector at SSC showed that the constant term in the energy resolution will change from 1.8 to 2.9 in five years at 10{star}{star}34 luminosity for psuedorapidity eta=3.