A. Perrotta

The CMS collaboration has developed a fast Monte Carlo simulation of the CMS detector with event production rates ∼100 times faster than the GEANT4-based simulation, with nonetheless comparable accuracy for most of the physics objects typically considered in the analyses. We discuss basic technical principles of the CMS Fast Simulation and their implementation in the different components of the detector: the silicon tracker, the electromagnetic calorimeter, the hadronic calorimeter, the muon system, the Level 1 and the High Level Trigger. A few comparisons of the Fast Simulation results both with the GEANT4-based Full Simulation and with the LHC data are shown.

We report the direct observation of muon neutrino interactions with the SND@LHC detector at the Large Hadron Collider. A dataset of proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13.6 TeV collected by SND@LHC in 2022 is used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.8 fb^{-1}. The search is based on information from the active electronic components of the SND@LHC detector, which covers the pseudorapidity region of 7.2<η<8.4, inaccessible to the other experiments at the collider. Muon neutrino candidates are identified through their charged-current interaction topology, with a track propagating through the entire length of the muon detector. After selection cuts, 8 ν_{μ} interaction candidate events remain with an estimated background of 0.086 events, yielding a significance of about 7 standard deviations for the observed ν_{μ} signal.

Silicon Photo-Multiplier (SiPM) detectors represent an attractive solution for the detection of low energy photons in several fields of both high energy physics and medical imaging. We present here an accurate electrical model for this kind of detectors, which can be conveniently used to perform reliable simulations at circuit level. A suitable extraction procedure for the parameters involved in the model is also described, based on both static and dynamic measurements. The proposed model allows to reproduce accurately the waveform of the signal generated by the SiPM when coupled to the front-end electronics, as shown by excellent fittings obtained between simulations and measurements taken on real devices. This is particularly useful in order to choose the most suitable front-end architecture for SiPM detectors, since the performance of the whole detection system, especially in terms of dynamic range and timing resolution, can be correctly predicted as a function of the detector parameters and of the main characteristics of the coupled electronics.

The evaluation of an oil's oxidation status during industrial production is highly important for monitoring the oil's purity and nutritional value during production, transportation, storage, and cooking. The oil and food industry is seeking a real-time, non-destructive, rapid, robust, and low-cost sensor for nutritional oil's material characterization. Towards this goal, a 1H LF-NMR relaxation sensor application based on the chemical and structural profiling of non-oxidized and oxidized oils was developed. This study dealt with a relatively large-scale oil oxidation database, which included crude data of a 1H LF-NMR relaxation curve, and its reconstruction into T1 and T2 spectral fingerprints, self-diffusion coefficient D, and conventional standard chemical test results. This study used a convolutional neural network (CNN) that was trained to classify T2 relaxation curves into three ordinal classes representing three different oil oxidation levels (non-oxidized, partial oxidation, and high level of oxidation). Supervised learning was used on the T2 signals paired with the ground-truth labels of oxidation values as per conventional chemical lab oxidation tests. The test data results (not used for training) show a high classification accuracy (95%). The proposed AI method integrates a large training set, an LF-NMR sensor, and a machine learning program that meets the requirements of the oil and food industry and can be further developed for other applications.

An experimental study of rectangular microstrip antennas on two ceramic composite substrates, barium-titanate with a dielectric constant of 37 and neodymium-titanate substrates with a dielectric constant of 85, is presented. The measured results for radiation patterns, cross-pol levels and resonant frequencies for antennas with ground planes as small as 1"/spl times/1" are given. It is shown that, for very small ground planes, the far-field pattern is smooth and nearly omnidirectional in both E and H planes, a feature that may be of interest in many mobile applications.

Abstract The Scattering and Neutrino Detector at the LHC (SND@LHC) started taking data at the beginning of Run 3 of the LHC. The experiment is designed to perform measurements with neutrinos produced in proton-proton collisions at the LHC in an energy range between 100 GeV and 1 TeV. It covers a previously unexplored pseudo-rapidity range of $$7.2&lt;\eta &lt;8.4$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7.2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8.4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The detector is located 480 m downstream of the ATLAS interaction point in the TI18 tunnel. It comprises a veto system, a target consisting of tungsten plates interleaved with nuclear emulsion and scintillating fiber (SciFi) trackers, followed by a muon detector (UpStream, US and DownStream, DS). In this article we report the measurement of the muon flux in three subdetectors: the emulsion, the SciFi trackers and the DownStream Muon detector. The muon flux per integrated luminosity through an 18 $$\times $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> </mml:math> 18 cm $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> area in the emulsion is: $$\begin{aligned} 1.5 \pm 0.1(\text {stat}) \times 10^4\,\text {fb/cm}^{2}. \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>stat</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>fb/cm</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> The muon flux per integrated luminosity through a 31 $$\times $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> </mml:math> 31 cm $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> area in the centre of the SciFi is: $$\begin{aligned} 2.06\pm 0.01(\text {stat})\pm 0.12(\text {sys}) \times 10^{4} \text {fb/cm}^{2} \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.06</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>stat</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.12</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>sys</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>fb/cm</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> The muon flux per integrated luminosity through a 52 $$\times $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> </mml:math> 52 cm $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> area in the centre of the downstream muon system is: $$\begin{aligned} 2.35\pm 0.01(\text {stat})\pm 0.10(\text {sys}) \times 10^{4}\,\text {fb/cm}^{2} \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.35</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>stat</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>sys</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>fb/cm</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> The total relative uncertainty of the measurements by the electronic detectors is 6 $$\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:math> for the SciFi and 4 $$\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:math> for the DS measurement. The Monte Carlo simulation prediction of these fluxes is 20–25 $$\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:math> lower than the measured values.

The 40 MHz bunched muon beam set up at CERN was used in May 2003 to make a full test of the drift tubes local muon trigger. The main goal of the test was to prove that the integration of the various devices located on a muon chamber was adequately done both on the hardware and software side of the system. Furthermore the test provided complete information about the general performance of the trigger algorithms in terms of efficiency and noise. Data were collected with the default configuration of the trigger devices and with several alternative configurations at various angles of incidence of the beam. Tests on noise suppression and di-muon trigger capability were performed.

Geant4 is an object oriented toolkit created for the simulation of High-Energy Physics detectors. Geant4 allows an accurate modeling of radiation sources and detector devices, with easy configuration and friendly interface and at the same time with great accuracy in the simulation of physical processes. While most Monte Carlo codes do not allow the simulation of the transport and boundary characteristics for optical photons transport generated by scintillating crystal, Geant4 allows the simulation of the optical photons. In this paper we present an application of the Geant4 program for simulating optical photons in SPECT cameras. We aim to study the light transport within scintillators, photomultiplier tubes and coupling devices. To this end, we simulated a detector based on a scintillator, coupled to a photomultiplier tube through a glass window. We compared simulated results with experimental data and theoretical models, in order to verify the good matching with our simulations. We simulated a pencil beam of 140 keV photons impinging the crystal at different locations. For each condition, we calculated the value of the Pulse Height Centroid and the spread of the charge distribution, as read out by the anode array of the photomultiplier. Finally, the spatial and the energy resolutions of the camera have been estimated by simulated data. In all cases, we found that simulations agree very well with experimental data.

In October 2001 the first produced CMS Barrel Drift Tube (DT) Muon Chamber was tested at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) using a muon beam. A Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) was attached to the top of the DT chamber, and, for the first time, both detectors were operated coupled together. The performance of the DT chamber was studied for several operating conditions, and for gamma rates similar to the ones expected at LHC. In this paper we present the data analysis; the results are considered fully satisfactory.

The CMS experiment has been designed with a 2-level trigger system. The first level is implemented using custom-designed electronics. The second level is the so-called High Level Trigger (HLT), a streamlined version of the CMS offline reconstruction software running on a computer farm. For Run II of the Large Hadron Collider, the increases in center-of-mass energy and luminosity will raise the event rate to a level challenging for the HLT algorithms. The increase in the number of interactions per bunch crossing, on average 25 in 2012, and expected to be around 40 in Run II, will be an additional complication. We present here the expected performance of the main triggers that will be used during the 2015 data taking campaign, paying particular attention to the new approaches that have been developed to cope with the challenges of the new run. This includes improvements in HLT electron and photon reconstruction as well as better performing muon triggers. We will also present the performance of the improved tracking and vertexing algorithms, discussing their impact on the b-tagging performance as well as on the jet and missing energy reconstruction.

The excellent scintillation properties of the LaBr <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> :Ce crystals makes their use very attractive in a system of gamma imaging for Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPET) applications. In this work we use GEANT4 simulations, in order to better understand the intrinsic properties of a gamma camera based on LaBr <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> :Ce crystals, coupled to a Hamamatsu H8500 Multi Anodes Photomultiplier (MA-PMT). All electromagnetic process are simulated, together with the detection of the scintillation light distribution on the anodic plane of a MAPMT. The position linearity response, the spatial and energy resolutions are investigated. The values obtained by Monte Carlo show a good agreement with the experimental results.

The recent development of the LaBr 3 :Ce crystals makes their use in a system of gamma imaging for Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPET) applications very attractive, mainly due to their excellent scintillation properties.In this work we use Monte Carlo simulations, in order to model the optical behavior of three crystal configurations.Our goal is to better understand the intrinsic properties of a gamma camera based on LaBr 3 :Ce crystals, coupled to a position sensitive photomultiplier tube.To this aim, the spatial and energy resolutions, obtainable from optimum photodetection conditions, are investigated.

Assessment of “in vitro” tumor growth inhibition and radiobiological effects, such as apoptosis, have been evaluated in human neoplastic cells of different histotypes (H460 lung cancer cells, U87 glioblastoma, LnCaP prostate tumor cells) treated using solutions of 188Rhenium-perrhenate. The MTT assay, which measures mitochondrial metabolism in the entire cell culture is a recognized test for cytotoxicity and was used in cells exposed 48–72 h to specific activities ranged from 37 to 148 GBq/l. Whereas H460 and LnCaP were particularly sensitive to treatment, U87 glioblastoma cells behaved as radioresistant ones. However, evaluation of 188Re-induced apoptosis indicated that this kind of cell death contributed only marginally to the reduction in cell viability of H460 and LNCaP lines, suggesting the existence of protective mechanisms against apoptosis. In this respect, the membrane receptor, CD44, whose expression is dysregulated in most malignant cell types has proven to alter the response of cancer cells to apoptotic stimuli, including ionizing radiation. Cell samples decorated with a FITC-labelled CD44 antibody indicated, that in H460 and U87 cells the CD44(+) correlated well with an apoptosis-resistant response. Conversely, LnCap cells proven as CD44(−) did not display however sensitivity to radio-induced apoptosis.

Two drift tubes (DTs) chambers of the CMS muon barrel system were exposed to a 40 MHz bunched muon beam at the CERN SPS, and for the first time the whole CMS Level-1 DTs-based trigger system chain was tested. Data at different energies and inclination angles of the incident muon beam were collected, as well as data with and without an iron absorber placed between the two chambers, to simulate the electromagnetic shower development in CMS. Special data-taking runs were dedicated to test for the first time the Track Finder system, which reconstructs track trigger candidates by performing a proper matching of the muon segments delivered by the two chambers. The present paper describes the results of these measurements.

The performance of the High-density Projection Chamber (HPC), the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the DELPHI experiment, is described. The detector adopts the time projection technique in order to obtain exceptionally fine spatial granularity in the three coordinates (/spl sim/2/spl times/20 mrad/sup 2/ in /spl theta//spl times//spl phi/ with nine samplings along the shower axes), using a limited number of readout channels (18432). Among the various topics concerning the HPC construction and operation, major emphasis is given to the aspects related to the calibration in energy of the calorimeter, based mainly on the analysis of the detector response to /sup 83m/Kr decays, and to the treatment of ageing in the readout proportional counters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Abstract The aim of the SCINTIRAD experiment is to determine the radio-response of 188Rhenium (Re) in in vitro cells and the biodistribution in different organs of in vivo mice, and subsequently to assess the therapeutic effect on liver tumours induced in mice. Both the γ- and β- emissions of 188Re have been exploited in the experiment. The in vivo biodistribution in mice was studied also with a γ-camera using different parallel hole collimators. In the 188Re spectrum, while the 155 keV γ-peak is useful for imaging, the photons emitted at larger energies and the β-particles act as noise in the image reconstruction. The γ-cameras previously used to image biodistributions obtained with 99Tc are, therefore, not optimized for use with 188Re. A new setup of the γ-camera has been studied for 188Re: 66×66 YAP:Ce crystals (0.6×0.6×10 mm3, 5 μm optical insulation) guarantee a FOV of 40×40 mm2, a Hamamatsu R2486 PSPMT, 3 in. diameter, converts their light into an electrical signal and allows reconstructing the spatial coordinates of the light spot; incoming photon directions are selected through a lead collimator with 1.5 mm diameter hexagonal holes, 0.18 mm septa, 40 mm thickness. Using this setup, results have been obtained both with 99Tc filled and 188Re filled capillaries and wells. The energy spectrum of the collected photons and the spatial resolutions obtainable with the 188Re source will be presented.

The aim of the ECORAD collaboration is to develop a dual integrated compact and portable camera able to acquire ultrasound and scintigraphic images at the same time. In this work, we present some simulated results of the scintigraphic part of the system. This camera consists of a rotating slant collimator with four segments connected to a planar LaBr3:Ce scintillator and to a PMT Hamamatsu Flat Panel H8500. Simulations are achieved by means of the GEANT4 program. The volumetric information is reconstructed from the planar images acquired at each position of the rotating collimator by means of a simple back-projection method. Results showed that the planar spatial resolution is better that the axial one. First preliminary results suggest that the detection limit of the camera is about 15:1 (in terms of Tumor/Background ratio) for a spherical tumor with 8 mm diameter located at 3 cm distance from the collimator. This confirms that with our approach it is feasible to develop a compact camera able to recover the 3D position of lesions located at small depths (up to some centimeters), without the need of rotating the camera around the body.

The drift tubes based CMS barrel muon trigger, which uses self-triggering arrays of drift tubes, is able to perform the identification of the muon parent bunch crossing using a rather sophisticated algorithm. The identification is unique only if the trigger chain is correctly synchronized. Some beam test time was devoted to take data useful to investigate the synchronization of the trigger electronics with the machine clock. Possible alternatives were verified and the dependence on muon track properties was studied.

These proceedings collect the presentations given at the first three meetings of the INFN "Workshop on Monte Carlo's, Physics and Simulations at the LHC", held at the Frascati National Laboratories in 2006. The first part of these proceedings contains pedagogical introductions to several basic topics of both theoretical and experimental high pT LHC physics. The second part collects more specialised presentations.

The barrel region of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is instrumented with Drift Tube (DT) detectors. This paper describes in full details the calibration of the DT hit reconstruction algorithm. After inter-channel synchronization has been verified through the appropriate hardware procedure, the time pedestals are extracted directly from the distribution of the recorded times. Further corrections for time-of-flight and time of signal propagation are applied as soon as the three-dimensional hit position within the DT chamber is known. The different effects of the time pedestal miscalibration on the two main hit reconstruction algorithms are shown. The drift velocity calibration algorithm is based on the meantimer technique. Different meantimer relations for different track angles and patterns of hit cells are used. This algorithm can also be used to determine the uncertainty on the reconstructed hit position.

The increasing demand of sophisticated devices for Medical Imaging, with submillimeter spatial resolution and high detection efficiency, motivates an in-depth study of detectors able to fulfill these requirements. In particular for Single Photon Emission Tomography applications, the on-going development of large LaBr3:Ce crystals makes very attractive their use as a system of gamma imaging. Single crystals can overcome the limitation in term of spatial resolution related to pixel size in scintillation arrays, once the problems of limited position linearity and image size are solved. In this work we use GEANT4 simulations in order to model different configurations based on LaBr3:Ce crystals coupled to a Hamamatsu H8500 Multi Anode Photomultiplier. The position linearity, the spatial and energy resolutions obtainable from optimum photodetection conditions are investigated. The values obtained by the Monte Carlo simulations are compared to the experimental results and found to be in good agreement with them upon tuning of some parameters.

Knowledge of the Depth-Of-Interaction (DOI) in detector is crucial for small ring diameter PET scanner but it is also very important for single photon emission imaging, in particular for applications where very high spatial resolution is required and position distortions caused by slant collimators can strongly affect the final response of the 3D reconstructed image. In addition the DOI determination at 140 keV is the most critical due to thinner crystal thickness and the lower number of scintillation light photons. Continuous scintillation crystals are in principle the most suitable for continuous DOI determination based on the measurements of light width of cones generated at each gamma ray interaction. In this work we propose an analysis based on a Monte Carlo GEANT4 studies and on experimental measurements at 140 keV performed on a small LaBr3:Ce continuous crystal coupled to latest multi-anode PMT Hamamatsu H8500-MOD8 series equipped with super Bialkali photocathode (SBA). The basic idea of this work is that the high light output of LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Ce joint with SBA photodetector can reduces statistical uncertainties related to the light distribution spread determination. Furthermore it can be crucial with a more precise measurement of scintillation light distribution from the 8×8 anode array of MAPMT. Measurements and simulation confirm that light distribution spread (SD) is related to DOI, with a DOI resolution of about 2.0-2.2 mm (Monte Carlo) and 2.8-3.0 mm experimental at 140 keV. In addition, we shown how the selection in SD window provide a 10% of spatial resolution improvement, down to (0.85±0.03) mm, for a LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (Ce) continuous crystal coupled to the new photodetector H8500-MOD8. This method can open the possibility to build a high-sensitivity detector with DOI capability useful for gamma-ray imaging application.

188Re is a β − ( Emax = 2.12  MeV ) and γ (155 keV) emitter. Since its chemistry is similar to that of the largely employed tracer, 99mTc, molecules of hyaluronic acid (HA) have been labelled with 188Re to produce a target specific radiopharmaceutical. The radiolabeled compound, i.v. injected in healthy mice, is able to accumulate into the liver after a few minutes. To study the effect of metabolic radiotherapy in mice, we have built a small gamma camera based on a matrix of YAP:Ce crystals, with 0.6 × 0.6 × 10  mm 3 pixels, read out by a R2486 Hamamatsu PSPMT. A high-sensitivity 20 mm thick lead parallel-hole collimator, with hole diameter 1.5 mm and septa of 0.18 mm, is placed in front of the YAP matrix. Preliminary results obtained with various phantoms containing a solution of 188Re and with C57 black mice injected with the 188Re-HA solution are presented. To increase the space resolution and to obtain two orthogonal projections simultaneously we are building in parallel two new cameras to be positioned at 90 degrees. They use a CsI(Tl) matrix with 1 × 1 × 5  mm 3 pixels read out by H8500 Hamamatsu Flat panel PMT.

The ECORAD collaboration aims to develop a dual compact camera for acquiring ultrasound and scintigraphic images, in order to get both morphological and functional information on the same device. A final volumetric image containing the fusion information will be provided to the user. Here we present the first simulated results of the scintigraphic camera, achieved by means of the GEANT4 program. The camera is based on a four-segment slant collimator. Each segment is coupled with a planar LaBr3(Ce) scintillator and to a Position Sensitive Photo-Multiplier Tube. We tested two different centroid algorithms for reconstructing the planar images. The 3D information is recovered from the planar images acquired at each position of the rotating collimator by using a simple back-projection algorithm. The proposed approach of a scintigraphic camera based on slant collimators is able to recover the location and the depth of a lesion in a very accurate way.

The design feasibility of a three-layer proximity-coupled fed microstrip antenna structure for dual frequency operation with circular polarisation is demonstrated. As a proof of concept an antenna designed for operation at the two GPS frequencies is fabricated. The measured results show that low axial ratios can be obtained at both frequency bands.

Data taken by DELPHI during the 1995 and 1996 LEP runs have been used to search for the supersymmetric partners of electron, muon and tau leptons and of top and bottom quarks. The observations are in agreement with standard model predictions. Limits are set on sfermion masses. Searches for long lived scalar leptons from low scale supersymmetry breaking models exclude stau masses below 55 GeV/c2 at the 95% confidence level, irrespective of the gravitino mass.

A dual-band planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is proposed and the effects of packaging, i.e. the ground plane, on its operation are studied. A subsequent method for choosing the optimal ground plane dimensions is presented.

The CMS muon barrel drift tubes system has been recently fully installed and commissioned in the experiment. The performance and the current status of the detector are briefly presented and discussed.

An update of a study of the production of single and multi-photon events with missing energy has been made with the data collected at p s = 202 209 GeV with the DELPHI detector. The analysis uses a total integrated luminosity of 654 pb 1 . No excess of events beyond that expected from the Standard Model was observed and limits are set on new physics as described by supersymmetric models. A new limit on the gravitational scale is also determined.

A MC method is proposed to compute upper limits, in a pure Bayesian approach, when the errors associated to the experimental sensitivity and to the expected background content are not Gaussian distributed or not small enough to apply the usual approximations. It is relatively easy to extend the procedure to the multichannel case (for instance when different decay branchings, or luminosities or experiments have to be combined). Some of the searches for supersymmetric particles performed in the DELPHI experiment at the LEP electron–positron collider use such a procedure to propagate the systematics into the calculation of the cross-section upper limits. One of these searches will be described as an example.

The Drift Tubes (DT) constitute one of the components of the Barrel Muon Detector of the CMS experiment at the CERN’s LHC proton-proton collider. In this paper, the final assembly, and the strategy and the results of the commissioning of the DT detector are presented, together with first measurements on cosmic rays, with and without the magnetic field. Although the DT are not best suited for halo muons surrounding the LHC beams, they were nonetheless able to record muons passing through the barrel of CMS during the few days of LHC beam operation in September 2008. The general experience gained by operating the DT’s both as a tracking detector and as a trigger for the whole CMS experiment are also reviewed.

These proceedings collect the presentations given at the first three meetings of the INFN "Workshop on Monte Carlo's, Physics and Simulations at the LHC", held at the Frascati National Laboratories in 2006. The first part of these proceedings contains pedagogical introductions to several basic topics of both theoretical and experimental high pT LHC physics. The second part collects more specialised presentations.

188Re is a beta and gamma emitter used in metabolic radiotherapy. SCINTIRAD is a multidisciplinary collaboration that aims at determining the radio-response of 188Re in cells “in vitro” and the biodistribution in different organs of mice “in vivo”, and studying the therapeutic effect on liver and other tumours induced in mice. Several tumour cell lines have been treated “in vitro” with a 188Re solution. The dosimetry of 188Re used to target the different lines of cancer cells has been evaluated using GEANT4, and preliminary results are presented. Studies to optimize the imaging of 188Re “in vivo” have also continued, including the characterization of H8500 Flat Panel PMT and of LaBr3 crystals, and the development of dedicated electronics.

LHC Run2 began in April 2015 with the restart of the collisions in the CERN Large Hadron Collider. In the perspective of the offline event reconstruction, the most relevant detector updates appeared in 2017: the upgrade of the Pixel Detector, with the insertion of an additional layer closer to the beams, and the improved photodetectors and readout chips for the Endcap Hadron Calorimeter, which allow a finer longitudinal segmentation. The long shutdown between Run1 and Run2 was instrumental in the optimization of the reconstruction code and for the introduction of new algorithms to mitigate sensitivity to increased pileup, especially to out-of-time contribution with the advent of 25 ns separation between collisions compared to 50 ns in Run1. Such an optimization continued in the following years, when the reconstruction code of CMS evolved together with the improving of the performance of the LHC. The current status of the reconstruction software of the CMS experiment is described here, with emphasis on some of the recently integrated developments.

The DELPHI STIC detector is a lead-scintillator sampling calorimeter with wavelength shifting optical fibers used for light collection. The main goal of the calorimeter at LEP100 is to measure the luminosity with an accuracy better than 0.1%. The detector has been in operation since the 1994 LEP run. Presented here is the performance measured during the 1994-1995 LEP runs, with the emphasis on the achieved energy and space resolution, the long-term stability and the efficiency of the detector. The new bunch-trains mode of LEP requires a rather sophisticated trigger and timing scheme which is also presented. To control the trigger efficiency and stability of the calorimeter channels, a LED-based monitoring system has been developed.

L'uso di radiofarmaci, tra le molteplici applicazioni delle radiazioni, trova completa giustificazione in campo medico. I radiofarmaci sono sostanze chimiche che, in quanto farmaci, hanno la proprieta di interagire specificatamente con il sistema biologico e che, contenendo nella loro struttura un atomo di un nuclide radioattivo emittente gamma (radiazione scarsamente assorbita dai tessuti biologici), consentono di seguirne il percorso biologico per mezzo di idonei rivelatori esterni. E cosi possibile costruire una serie di immagini, raccolte in tempi successivi, che individua la distribuzione del radiofarmaco nel corpo e ne evidenzia il progredire del metabolismo. In questo modo e possibile avere indicazioni, non solo morfologiche di organi e apparati, ma soprattutto informazioni sulla loro funzionalita. L'informazione clinica che si ottiene dall'analisi delle immagini scintigrafiche, dipende sostanzialmente dalle proprieta biologiche che il radiofarmaco possiede una volta iniettato in vivo. Se il radiofarmaco ha inoltre la proprieta di fissarsi specificamente in cellule tumorali, esso puo diventare anche radioterapeutico. Basta infatti utilizzare nella marcatura un radionuclide che emetta radiazioni adatte alla distruzione delle cellule tumorali (radiazioni corpuscolari a corto range nella materia biologica) perche il radiofarmaco affine ad esse, iniettato in vivo, trasporti l'agente terapeutico specificamente nella zona di azione.

188Re is a beta- (Emax = 2.12 MeV) and gamma (155 keV) emitter. Since its chemistry is similar to that of the largely employed tracer, 99mTc, molecules of hyaluronic acid (HA) have been labelled with 188Re to produce a target specific radiopharmaceutical. The radiolabeled compound, i.v. injected in healthy mice, is able to accumulate into the liver after a few minutes. To study the effect of metabolic radiotherapy in mice, we have built a small gamma camera based on a matrix of YAP:Ce crystals, with 0.6x0.6x10 mm**3 pixels, read out by a R2486 Hamamatsu PSPMT. A high-sensitivity 20 mm thick lead parallel-hole collimator, with hole diameter 1.5 mm and septa of 0.18 mm, is placed in front of the YAP matrix. Preliminary results obtained with various phantoms containing a solution of 188Re and with C57 black mice injected with the 188Re-HA solution are presented. To increase the space resolution and to obtain two orthogonal projections simultaneously we are building in parallel two new cameras to be positioned at 90 degrees. They use a CsI(Tl) matrix with 1x1x5 mm**3 pixels read out by H8500 Hamamatsu Flat panel PMT.

A study has been made of the production of single photons in the reaction e+e− → γ + invisible particles at √s = 183 GeV and 189 GeV and a previous analysis of events with a single non-pointing photon or with multi-photon final states accompanied by missing energy has been updated with 189 GeV data. The data was collected with the DELPHI detector and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of about 51 pb−1 and 158 pb−1 at the two energies. The number of light neutrino families is measured. The absence of an excess of events beyond that expected from Standard Model processes is used to set limits on new physics as described by supersymmetric and composite models. A limit on the gravitational scale is also determined. 1 Universita e Sezione INFN, Milano, Italy. 2 Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 3 Universita e Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy. 4 Universita e Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy. 5 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. 6 Universite Claude Bernard de Lyon IPNL, Lyon, France.

The STIC calorimeter was installed in the DELPHI detector in 1994. The main goal is to measure the luminosity with an accuracy better than 0.1%. The calorimeter was built using the “Shashlik” technique. The light is collected by wavelength shifting fibers and readout by phototetrodes that can operate inside the magnetic field. The detector performance during the 1994–1995 data taking is presented. The different contributions to the systematic error on the luminosity measurement are discussed.

Abstract The search performed in the DELPHI experiment at LEP for charginos mass-degenerate with the lightest neutralino, assumed to be the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP), is described. Degeneracies below 3 GeV/ c 2 are not considered so far in the standard searches, because of the loss of efficiency. Several search strategies are proposed here for the runs of LEP at high energy, each of which is able to explore a different range in the mass splitting between the chargino and the neutralino.