A. Pauls

Superhydrophobic micro/nanostructured surfaces for dropwise condensation have recently received significant attention due to their potential to enhance heat transfer performance by shedding positively charged water droplets via coalescence-induced droplet jumping at length scales below the capillary length and allowing the use of external electric fields to enhance droplet removal and heat transfer, in what has been termed electric-field-enhanced (EFE) jumping-droplet condensation. However, achieving optimal EFE conditions for enhanced heat transfer requires capturing the details of transport processes that is currently lacking. While a comprehensive model has been developed for condensation on micro/nanostructured surfaces, it cannot be applied for EFE condensation due to the dynamic droplet-vapor-electric field interactions. In this work, we developed a comprehensive physical model for EFE condensation on superhydrophobic surfaces by incorporating individual droplet motion, electrode geometry, jumping frequency, field strength, and condensate vapor-flow dynamics. As a first step toward our model, we simulated jumping droplet motion with no external electric field and validated our theoretical droplet trajectories to experimentally obtained trajectories, showing excellent temporal and spatial agreement. We then incorporated the external electric field into our model and considered the effects of jumping droplet size, electrode size and geometry, condensation heat flux, and droplet jumping direction. Our model suggests that smaller jumping droplet sizes and condensation heat fluxes require less work input to be removed by the external fields. Furthermore, the results suggest that EFE electrodes can be optimized such that the work input is minimized depending on the condensation heat flux. To analyze overall efficiency, we defined an incremental coefficient of performance and showed that it is very high (∼10(6)) for EFE condensation. We finally proposed mechanisms for condensate collection which would ensure continuous operation of the EFE system and which can scalably be applied to industrial condensers. This work provides a comprehensive physical model of the EFE condensation process and offers guidelines for the design of EFE systems to maximize heat transfer.

Abstract Fifty thousand hybrid circuits of five different types will be manufactured for the Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS Outer Tracker. These circuits must undergo a strict quality control process, composed of functional testing and visual inspection, before they can be assembled into modules. The hybrids will be functionally tested first at the manufacturing site. Afterwards, they will be visually inspected and functionally tested again at CERN or at collaborating institutes. Results from these processes will be stored in the CMS production database. This paper presents the software tools developed to carry out these tasks.

Abstract The CMS Outer Tracker phase-2 upgrade silicon modules are required to reach noise levels close to the ones expected from the analogue front-end attached to an ideal pixel/strip. Module prototypes, featuring the latest and final prototype hybrids before the production, showed noise that was higher than the expected which could pose a problem in terms of achieving the hit efficiency target. Investigations, reveal the failure modes which are modelled in order to guide mitigation tweaks for the production designs. Knowledge acquired from the investigations along with the noise mitigation design changes implemented on the production hybrids are presented.

Abstract For the CMS tracker Phase-2 upgrade new modules with silicon strip sensors are being developed.Each module features a Service Hybrid (SEH), which is responsible for the distribution of low voltages to the module components using a two-stage DC-DC conversion scheme.For modules equipped with the latest generation of SEHs an increase in module noise has been observed.A setup for inducing radiative noise with external magnetic fields that are frequency- and location-dependent is presented.Measurements carried out on modules from different prototyping phases show that the sensitivity is similar across generations, which indicates that radiative coupling into the sensor or readout electronics is not responsible for the observed noise increase.

Zusammenfassung Durch die Anwendung von Teilbogenmechaniken zur Einordnung verlagerter Eckzähne kann nicht nur eine genaue Definition der Kräfte und der Zugrichtung erfolgen, sondern zusätzlich die Anwendungszeit festsitzender Multibracketapparaturen deutlich reduziert werden. Die hier demonstrierte Befestigungsmethode für palatinale Teilbogenmechaniken stellt eine einfach zu inserierende, zeit- und kostensparende Methode dar, sofern Bänder mit Hooks an den Palatinalschlössern verwendet werden.

Brain Tumor is the development of abnormal cells in our brain. There are cancerous and noncancerous brain tumors. Because they can press against healthy brain tissue or spread there, brain tumors are harmful. The early diagnosis of brain tumors is a highly challenging assignment for radiologists. The typical size of a brain tumor doubles in just twenty-five days due to its rapid growth. If not properly cared for, the patient’s survival rate typically does not exceed six months. It may quickly result in death. For the purpose of early brain tumor identification, an automatic method is necessary. In this study, an automated strategy is suggested for quickly distinguishing between malignant and non-cancerous brain images. Most of the time, it can be treated if caught during the early stages. Hence the need for more and improved brain tumor detection. The most crucial part here is image processing. The medical images obtained during the test have to be appropriately analysed. Various methods such as MobileNet, EfficientNetB7, and EfficientNetV2 have been used and their efficiency has been analysed. Here we classify the dataset containing 300 images into two. The suggested system will offer improved clinical support for the field of medicine.

The ``2S'' silicon strip modules for the CMS Phase-2 tracker upgrade will require two operating voltages. These will be provided via a two-step DC-DC conversion powering scheme, in which one DC-DC converter delivers 2.5 V while the second DC-DC converter receives 2.5 V at its input and converts it to 1.2 V. The DC-DC converters will be mounted on a flex PCB, the service hybrid, together with an opto-electrical converter module (VTRx+) and a serializer (LP-GBT). The service hybrid will be mounted directly on the 2S module. A prototype service hybrid has been developed and its performance has been evaluated, including radiative and conductive noise emissions, and efficiency. In addition system tests with a prototype module have been performed. In this work the service hybrid will be described and the test results will be summarized.

This paper describes prototyping work for service hybrids, flexible circuits that form an integral part of the silicon strip modules to be used in the CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker.The service hybrid is responsible for power distribution, data serialization, and opto-electrical conversion.First prototype service hybrids, featuring the complete functionality, have been developed, produced, and characterized.In addition a first prototype of a test board, which allows to test all aspects of the complex service hybrids, as will be required during the production phase, has been developed.After a short introduction to the CMS strip modules the functionality of the service hybrid will be explained and the present prototype will be described, followed by selected test results.The test system concept will be introduced and first results will be presented.

A measurement of inclusive four-jet production in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13\TeV is presented. The transverse momenta of jets within $\lvert\eta\rvert \lt$ 4.7 reach down to 35, 30, 25, and 20 GeV for the first-, second-, third-, and fourth-leading jet, respectively. Differential cross sections are measured as functions of the jet transverse momentum, jet pseudorapidity, and several other observables that describe the angular correlations between the jets. The measured distributions show sensitivity to different aspects of the underlying event, parton shower, and matrix element calculations. In particular, the interplay between angular correlations caused by parton shower and double-parton scattering contributions is shown to be important. The double-parton scattering contribution is extracted by means of a template fit to the data, using distributions for single-parton scattering obtained from Monte Carlo event generators and a double-parton scattering distribution constructed from inclusive single-jet events in data. The effective double-parton scattering cross section is calculated and discussed in view of previous measurements and of its dependence on the models used to describe the single-parton scattering background.

Abstract Alongside the High Luminosity LHC upgrade, the silicon tracker of the CMS detector will be replaced within the scope of the so-called Phase-2 upgrade. The new tracker will consist of an inner part (Inner Tracker with pixelated modules) and at larger radii the Outer Tracker with two different module types (PS and 2S modules). One hybrid type used on these modules is the 2S service hybrid. It provides the optical link connection of a 2S module via the Low Power Giga Bit Transceiver (lpGBT) and a Versatile Transceiver Plus module (VTRx+). It is also responsible for the module power distribution. The different responsibilities of the hybrid require a complete testing, which is performed by a dedicated custom made test card. After a hybrid has been installed on the test card, all signal connections can be tested and verified. The test system is designed to handle a high throughput during mass production. The requirements and the design for the 2S service hybrid test card are presented together with testing results of the first final 2S service hybrid prototypes.

Um einen Patienten optimal bei seiner Genesung zu unterstützen, spielt die Ernährung eine wichtige Rolle. Gerade der <b>Ernährungsbedarf von Intensivpatienten</b> kann sich schnell verändern. Die Pflegefachkräfte haben eine wichtige Funktion bei der bedarfsgerechten Ernährung ihrer Patienten. Aber können sie diese auch immer ausüben? Und wie machen es die Kollegen in anderen Ländern?

Video 1 Derotation mittels „Lasso-Technik“ (http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1717-8210).

In the framework of the Phase-2 upgrade of the CMS tracker for the High Luminosity LHC, a power hybrid for usage in silicon sensor modules with macro-pixel and strip sensors has been developed. The power hybrid features three DC-DC converters in a two-step powering scheme, delivering three different low voltages (1.0 V, 1.25 V, 2.5 V) to the module electronics. A first prototype of the power hybrid has been developed. The prototype is fully functional and has been characterized in terms of power efficiency, voltage drops, dynamical behaviour, and radiated and conducted noise emissions. In this work the power hybrid concept and the prototype design are described, and the measurements are summarized.

The associated production of a W and a Z boson is studied in final states with multiple leptons produced in proton-proton (pp) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV using 137 fb$^{-1}$ of data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. A measurement of the total inclusive production cross section yields $\sigma_{\text{tot}}$(pp $\to$ WZ) = 50.6 $\pm$ 0.8 (stat) $\pm$ 1.5 (syst) $\pm$ 1.1 (lum) $\pm$ 0.5 (thy) pb. Measurements of the fiducial and differential cross sections for several key observables are also performed in all the final-state lepton flavour and charge compositions with a total of three charged leptons, which can be electrons or muons. All results are compared with theoretical predictions computed up to next-to-next-to-leading order in quantum chromodynamics plus next-to-leading order in electroweak theory and for various sets of parton distribution functions. The results include direct measurements of the charge asymmetry and the W and Z vector boson polarization. The first observation of longitudinally polarized W bosons in WZ production is reported. Anomalous gauge couplings are searched for, leading to new constraints on beyond-the-standard-model contributions to the WZ triple gauge coupling.

A search for new long-lived particles decaying to leptons using proton-proton collision data produced by the CERN LHC at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV is presented. Events are selected with two leptons (an electron and a muon, two electrons, or two muons) that both have transverse impact parameter values between 0.01 and 10 cm and are not required to form a common vertex. Data used for the analysis were collected with the CMS detector in 2016, 2017, and 2018, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 118 (113) fb$^{-1}$ in the ee channel (e$\mu$ and $\mu\mu$ channels). The search is designed to be sensitive to a wide range of models with displaced e$\mu$, ee, and $\mu\mu$ final states. The results constrain several well-motivated models involving new long-lived particles that decay to displaced leptons. For some areas of the available phase space, these are the most stringent constraints to date.