Artur Kalinowski

This Report summarizes the results of the first 10 months' activities of the LHC Higgs Cross Sections Working Group. The main goal of the working group was to present the status-of-art on Higgs Physics at the LHC integrating all new results that have appeared in the last few years. The Report is more than a mere collection of the proceedings of the general meetings. The subgroups have been working in different directions. An attempt has been made to present the first Report from these subgroups in a complete and homogeneous form. The subgroups' contributions correspondingly comprise the main parts of the Report. A significant amount of work has been performed in providing higher-order corrections to the Higgs-boson cross sections and pinning down the theoretical uncertainty of the Standard Model predictions. This Report comprises explicit numerical results on total cross sections, leaving the issues of event selection cuts and differential distributions to future publications. The subjects for further study are identified.

This Report summarizes the results of the first 10 months' activities of the LHC Higgs Cross Sections Working Group. The main goal of the working group was to present the status-of-art on Higgs Physics at the LHC integrating all new results that have appeared in the last few years. The Report is more than a mere collection of the proceedings of the general meetings. The subgroups have been working in different directions. An attempt has been made to present the first Report from these subgroups in a complete and homogeneous form. The subgroups' contributions correspondingly comprise the main parts of the Report. A significant amount of work has been performed in providing higher-order corrections to the Higgs-boson cross sections and pinning down the theoretical uncertainty of the Standard Model predictions. This Report comprises explicit numerical results on total cross sections, leaving the issues of event selection cuts and differential distributions to future publications. The subjects for further study are identified.

The CMS Collaboration has released the results of its search for supersymmetry, by applying an ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{T}$ method to $1.1/\mathrm{fb}$ of data at 7 TeV. The null result excludes (at 95% C.L.) a low-mass region of the Constrained MSSM's parameter space that was previously favored by other experiments. Additionally, the negative result of the XENON100 dark matter search has excluded (at 90% C.L.) values of the spin-independent scattering cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}^{\mathrm{SI}}$ as low as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pb}$. We incorporate these improved experimental constraints into a global Bayesian fit of the Constrained MSSM by constructing approximate likelihood functions. In the case of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{T}$ limit, we simulate detector efficiency for the CMS ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{T}1.1/\mathrm{fb}$ analysis and validate our method against the official 95% C.L. contour. We identify the 68% and 95% credible posterior regions of the CMSSM parameters, and also find the best-fit point. We find that the credible regions change considerably once a likelihood from ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{T}$ is included, in particular, the narrow light Higgs resonance region becomes excluded, but the focus point/horizontal branch region remains allowed at the $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level. Adding the limit from XENON100 has a weaker additional effect, in part due to large uncertainties in evaluating ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}^{\mathrm{SI}}$, which we include in a conservative way, although we find that it reduces the posterior probability of the focus point region to the $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level. The new regions of high posterior favor squarks lighter than the gluino and all but one Higgs bosons heavy. The dark matter neutralino mass is found in the range $250\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}343\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ (at $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$) while, as the result of improved limits from the LHC, the favored range of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}^{\mathrm{SI}}$ is pushed down to values below ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pb}$. We highlight tension between $\ensuremath{\delta}(g\ensuremath{-}2{)}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}$ and $\mathcal{B}\mathcal{R}(\overline{B}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{X}_{s}\ensuremath{\gamma})$, which is exacerbated by including the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{T}$ limit; each constraint favors a different region of the CMSSM's mass parameters.

The search for MSSM Higgs bosons will be an important goal at the LHC. We analyze the search reach of the CMS experiment for the heavy neutral MSSM Higgs bosons with an integrated luminosity of 30 or 60 fb-1. This is done by combining the latest results for the CMS experimental sensitivities based on full simulation studies with state-of-the-art theoretical predictions of the MSSM Higgs-boson properties. The results are interpreted in MSSM benchmark scenarios in terms of the parameters tan β and the Higgs-boson mass scale, MA. We study the dependence of the 5σ discovery contours in the MA–tan β plane on variations of the other supersymmetric parameters. The largest effects arise from a change in the higgsino mass parameter μ, which enters both via higher-order radiative corrections and via the kinematics of Higgs decays into supersymmetric particles. While the variation of μ can shift the prospective discovery reach (and correspondingly the ”LHC wedge” region) by about Δtan β=10, we find that the discovery reach is rather stable with respect to the impact of other supersymmetric parameters. Within the discovery region we analyze the accuracy with which the masses of the heavy neutral Higgs bosons can be determined. We find that an accuracy of 1–4% should be achievable, which could make it possible in favorable regions of the MSSM parameter space to experimentally resolve the signals of the two heavy MSSM Higgs bosons at the LHC.

An experiment was conducted at the High Intensity γ-ray Source (HIγS) facility at the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) in Durham, NC, USA to measure the cross-section of the key astrophysical thermonuclear reaction 12 C(α,γ) 16 O by means of its inverse photo-disintegration process. A high-intensity monochromatic γ-ray beam interacted with the CO 2 gas in the active volume of the Warsaw active target TPC detector. The reaction products were detected and their momenta reconstructed, so to also determine angular correlations. Data were collected at 15 beam energies ranging from 8.51 to 13.9 MeV. Preliminary results are presented.

This Report summarises the activities of the "SM and Higgs" working group for the Workshop "Physics at TeV Colliders", Les Houches, France, 2-20 May, 2005. On the one hand, we performed a variety of experimental and theoretical studies on standard candles (such as W, Z, and ttbar production), treating them either as proper signals of known physics, or as backgrounds to unknown physics; we also addressed issues relevant to those non-perturbative or semi-perturbative ingredients, such as Parton Density Functions and Underlying Events, whose understanding will be crucial for a proper simulation of the actual events taking place in the detectors. On the other hand, several channels for the production of the Higgs, or involving the Higgs, have been considered in some detail. The report is structured into four main parts. The first one deals with Standard Model physics, except the Higgs. A variety of arguments are treated here, from full simulation of processes constituting a background to Higgs production, to studies of uncertainties due to PDFs and to extrapolations of models for underlying events, from small-$x$ issues to electroweak corrections which may play a role in vector boson physics. The second part of the report treats Higgs physics from the point of view of the signal. In the third part, reviews are presented on the current status of multi-leg, next-to-leading order and of next-to-next-to-leading order QCD computations. Finally, the fourth part deals with the use of Monte Carlos for simulation of LHC physics.

This Report summarises the activities of the SM and working group for the Workshop Physics at TeV Colliders, Les Houches, France, 2-20 May, 2005. On the one hand, we performed a variety of experimental and theoretical studies on standard candles (such as W, Z, and ttbar production), treating them either as proper signals of known physics, or as backgrounds to unknown physics; we also addressed issues relevant to those non-perturbative or semi-perturbative ingredients, such as Parton Density Functions and Underlying Events, whose understanding will be crucial for a proper simulation of the actual events taking place in the detectors. On the other hand, several channels for the production of the Higgs, or involving the Higgs, have been considered in some detail. The report is structured into four main parts. The first one deals with Standard Model physics, except the Higgs. A variety of arguments are treated here, from full simulation of processes constituting a background to Higgs production, to studies of uncertainties due to PDFs and to extrapolations of models for underlying events, from small-$x$ issues to electroweak corrections which may play a role in vector boson physics. The second part of the report treats Higgs physics from the point of view of the signal. In the third part, reviews are presented on the current status of multi-leg, next-to-leading order and of next-to-next-to-leading order QCD computations. Finally, the fourth part deals with the use of Monte Carlos for simulation of LHC physics.

Live-trapping of urban rodents and other small mammals poses several challenges for researchers and pest control professionals (PMPs). Most traps are novel to the natural environment and elicit neophobic, or trap-shy, behaviors. Thus, animals captured in traditional traps may either be the least risk averse, or most-desperate. Consequently, individuals of the lowest social ranks, those in poorest health, and the slowest learners are more likely to be captured. This is problematic for research because non-random samples may lead to over-generalization and false conclusions. To address these problems, we developed an inconspicuous, hanging live-trap prototype. In addition to being hard to detect, the trap enables setting several parameters of animal movement and detection before the trap is triggered. The neophobic reaction could then be significantly reduced because animals do not need to enter any trap-like objects – instead they move and feed on a familiar surface. At a time predefined by the user, the triggering mechanism drops a transparent cover over the animal, preventing it from fleeing and enabling transport to the laboratory, mark-and-release or disposal. Here, we report our initial purpose, design and preliminary results. Animals triggered the trap 34 times during our one-month preliminary assessment. During this time, 32 individuals were captured (25 Norway rats and 7 house mice), for a 94% catch rate. Video surveillance revealed no obvious signs of non-random sampling – all trapped rats were representative of a broad range of sizes and ages. There were no signs of low social status (e.g. scar markings, parasitism, or poor health). Importantly, we found a low latency following capture, as the released animals showed no instances of increased exploratory or cautious behaviors, such as rearing or sniffing near the hidden traps. More monitoring of this design is needed before future conclusions can be drawn, however, these results should encourage a full range of experimental trials from neuroscientists, urban ecologists, pest control professionals (PMPs) and conservationists who seek randomized samples or who work with trap-shy species.

This paper presents selected mechanical and tribological properties of DLC coatings (diamond-like carbon coatings) and the results of an applied texture to improve these properties under specific circumstances. It presents the results of the selection of parameters for the laser-texturing process of DLC coatings using a picosecond laser with a wavelength of 343 nm.

The PAC (pattern comparator) is a dedicated muon trigger for the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) experiment at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The PAC trigger processes signals provided by RPC (resistive plate chambers), a part of the CMS muon system. The goal of the PAC RPC trigger is to identify muons, measure their transverse momenta and select the best muon candidates for each proton bunch collision occurring every 25 ns. To perform this task it is necessary to deliver the information concerning each bunch crossing from many RPC chambers to the trigger logic at the same moment. Since the CMS detector is large (the muon hits are spread over 40 ns), and the data are transmitted through thousands of channels, special techniques are needed to assure proper synchronization of the data. In this paper methods developed for the RPC signal synchronization and synchronous transmission are presented. The methods were tested during the MTCC (magnet test and cosmic challenge). The performance of the synchronization methods is illustrated by the results of the tests.

During the summer 2006, a first integrated test of a part of the CMS experiment was performed at CERN collecting a data sample of several millions of cosmic rays events. A fraction of the Resistive Plate Chambers system was successfully operated. Results on the RPC performance are reported.

The paper presents the concept of the Overlap Muon Track Finder (OTF) trigger for the CMS experiment in CERN as a system implemented in the modern FPGA device. The parametrized description of the complex data processing system, allowing further optimization by iterative simulations and recompilations, is presented. Problems associated with synthesis of such complex systems with currently available synthesis tools, and their workarounds are described.

The Overlap Muon Track Finder (OMTF) is the new system developed during the upgrade of the CMS experiment which includes the upgrade of its Level-1 trigger. It uses the novelty approach to finding muon candidates based on data received from three types of detectors: RPC, DT, and CSC . The upgrade of the trigger system requires also upgrade of the associated Data Acquisition (DAQ) system. The OMTF DAQ transmits the data from the connected detectors that were the basis for the Level-1 trigger decision. To increase its diagnostic potential, it may also transmit the data from a few bunch crossings (BXes) preceding or following the BX, in which the L1 trigger was generated. The paper describes the technical concepts and solutions used in the OMTF DAQ system. The system is still under development. However, it successfully passed the first tests.

The Standard Model and many scenarios of physics beyond the Standard Model predict an abundant production of τ leptons. In particular τ leptons in the final state are important signatures for Higgs boson and SUSY searches. Equipped with excellent tracking and calorimetry, the ATLAS detector allows for the reconstruction and efficient identification of hadronically decaying τ leptons. The methods developed by the ATLAS Collaboration for the offline reconstruction and identification of hadronic decays of τ leptons are described. The performance of the reconstruction algorithm and the discrimination power of the identification methods against jets and electrons are shown. Ideas for the validation of the τ identification methods with early data are also presented.

This paper describes firmware architecture of a new part of muon trigger system of the CMS detector – one of four detectors installed along LHC accelerator in CERN. Overlap Muon Track Finder (OMTF) is a new trigger subsystem designed to work in difficult barrel-endcap region of CMS detector. OMTF is designed to receive data from different detector types and process it to select 3 best muon candidates. These muon candidates are then forwarded to Global Muon Trigger (GMT). Performance requirements demanded usage of custom designed hardware. All the data reception and processing takes part in modern, large FPGA device. The IPBus module allows easy firmware control and diagnostics via Ethernet connection.

The article describes the algorithm of finding the highest transverse momentum muon based on the signals from fast RPC detectors in CMS experiment at the LHC collider in CERN (Geneva). Very fast progress in FPGA performance makes it possible to build Pattern Comparator Processor (PAC) using this technology. Compilation and simulation of different configurations of PAC are discussed. Improved algorithm which requires smaller resources in the FPGAs is presented.

The CMS muon system is conceived for trigger and muon track reconstruction. The redundancy and robustness of the system are guaranteed by three complementary subsystems: drift tube in the barrel, cathode strip chamber in the end-cap and resistive plate chamber in barrel and end-cap. The installation of muon stations and read-out trigger electronic has been completed in middle 2007. Since than, a remarkable effort has been addressed to the detector commissioning in order to ensure the readiness of the hardware/software chain for the LHC start up operation. At the end of 2007, a test of an entire CMS slice has been performed, involving about 5% of muon stations. Several thousand cosmic muons events have been collected. Performance of the barrel chambers are reported.

An active-target time-projection chamber (TPC) optimised for studying nuclear reactions of astro-physical interest was developed by the University of Warsaw for studying photo-disintegration reactions using intense, monochromatic γ-ray beams. Different reactions can be studied by tuning composition and density of the gaseous target for particular energy of the gamma beam. The Warsaw TPC detector, with its active volume of about 33x20x20 cm 3 centred around the beam axis and micro-pattern structures (GEMs) employed to amplify the primary ionisation induced by charged particles produced in reactions in the gaseous target, is characterised by a readout based on signal strips, arranged into 3-coordinate redundant system. The 3D kinematics of charged particles in the event are reconstructed from a total of about 10 3 channels read out by digitising front-end electronics based on the General Electronics for TPCs (GET). In this paper the principles of detector operation and basic track reconstruction methods are discussed and illustrated by means of preliminary results from pilot measurements conducted in 2021-22.

Among interferometric techniques for analyzing mechanical properties and behaviors of microelements and microsystems time-averaged interferometry deserves particular attention because of its relative simplicity and data video display for arbitrary vibration frequency. This communication presents an implementation of the approach of Petitgrand et al. to quantitative analysis of vibration mode shapes based on the calibration of the fringe contrast variation as a function of the vibration amplitude. Fringe contrast maps for static and resonant frequency states are determined using the four-frame method with the phase shift of π/2 between the frames. Then the dynamic map is divided by the static one to obtain the square of the modulus of the characteristic fringe function. For sinusoidal vibrations it is the zero-order Bessel function J₀ squared with the vibration amplitude encoded in its argument. The simplicity of our approach and speed of calculations are to be emphasized. The fringe processing method proposed is suitable for conventional two-beam and digital speckle interferometry. The results of experiments carried with silicone cantilever beams used in AFM resonant sensors are presented.

The Resistive Plate Chambers [M. Abbrescia, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 550 (2005) 116] are used in the CMS experiment [CMS Collaboration, The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC 2008, J. Inst. 3 (2008) S08004] as a dedicated muon trigger both in barrel and endcap system. About 4000m2 of double gap RPCs have been produced and have been installed in the experiment since more than one and half Years. The full barrel system and a fraction of the endcaps have been monitored to study dark current behaviour and system stability, and have been extensively commissioned with Cosmic Rays collected by the full CMS experiment.

Proton-proton collisions in the LHC accelerator will occur every 25 ns. The muon trigger of the CMS experiment will have to analyze data from 200 000 channels of RPC chambers every bunch crossing. Special compression algorithm has been developed to transmit the data from the chambers to the trigger electronics through optical fibers. The data flow has been simulated, and the data loss estimate is presented.

The accelerating expansion of the Universe points to a small positive vacuum energy density and negative vacuum pressure.A strong candidate is the cosmological constant in Einstein's equations of General Relativity.The vacuum dark energy density extracted from astrophysics is 10 56 times smaller than the value expected from the Higgs potential in Standard Model particle physics.The dark energy scale is however close to the range of possible values expected for the light neutrino mass.We investigate this physics in a simple toy model where the chirality of the neutrino is treated by analogy as an Ising-like "spin" degree of freedom.

Many theoretical models, like the Standard Model or SUSY at large tan(β), predict Higgs bosons or new particleswhich decay more abundantly to final states including tau leptons than to other leptons. At the energy scale of theLHC, the identification of tau leptons, in particular in the hadronic decay mode, will be a challenging task due to anoverwhelming QCD background which gives rise to jets of particles that can be hard to distinguish from hadronic taudecays. Equipped with excellent tracking and calorimetry, the ATLAS experiment has developed tau identificationtools capable of working at the trigger level. This contribution presents tau trigger algorithms which exploit the mainfeatures of hadronic tau decays and describes the current tau trigger commissioning activities.

The Muon System of the CMS experiment at CERN employees three different detector technologies—Drift Tube Chambers (DT) in the barrel part, Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) in the endcaps and Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) both in the barrel and the endcaps. TDs and CSCs serve as precise muon trajectory measurement devices. The RPCs are responsible for the bunch crossing identification and for a fast muon transverse momentum measurement. The total number of RPCs is 480 in the barrel and 756 in the endcaps, covering an area of about 3500 square meters. A brief overview of the system will be presented as well as some recent results about the system stability and performance.

The CMS detector will start its operation in the end of 2007. Until that time great care must be taken in order to assure that hardware operation is fully understood. In this paper an example of how emulation software helps achieving this goal in the CMS Level-1 RPC Trigger system is presented. The design of the RPC trigger allows to insert sets of so-called test pulses at any stage of the hardware pipeline. Reading out data from different stages is also possible. Such design allows for easy debugging of the trigger hardware by comparing hardware and software emulation values, since the software and hardware algorithms are identical.

Many theoretical models, like the Standard Model or SUSY at large tan(beta), predict Higgs bosons or new particles which decay more abundantly to final states including tau leptons than to other leptons. At the energy scale of the LHC, the identification of tau leptons, in particular in the hadronic decay mode, will be a challenging task due to an overwhelming QCD background which gives rise to jets of particles that can be hard to distinguish from hadronic tau decays. Equipped with excellent tracking and calorimetry, the ATLAS experiment has developed tau identification tools capable of working at the trigger level. This contribution presents tau trigger algorithms which exploit the main features of hadronic tau decays and describes the current tau trigger commissioning activities.

The implementation of a trigger for hadronically decaying tau leptons at the Large Hadronic Collider (LHC) is challenging due to the high background rate, on the other hand it increases tremendously the discovery potential of ATLAS in searches for Standard Model (SM) or Supersymmetric (SUSY) Higgs or other more exotic final states. In this paper we describe the ATLAS tau trigger system, focusing on the early data taking period, and present results from studies based on GEANT 4 simulated events, including trigger rates and the acceptance of tau leptons from SM processes. In order to cope with the rate and optimize the efficiency of important physics channels, the results of the current simulation studies indicate that ATLAS tau triggers should include either relatively high transverse momentum single tau signatures, or low transverse momentum tau signatures in combination with other signatures, such as missing transverse energy, leptons, or jets.

ResumeThis paper deals with importance of executing maintenance activities of rolling stocks by the example of the electric multiple unit EN96 series and with influence of repairing rolling stocks on the transport safety.It also discusses Poland's Supreme Audit Office report for the 2017 year that concerns the condition of safety of the rail transport in Poland.It describes the way in which the maintenance operations are performed with a division of the maintenance levels that depend of time of utilization and distance travelled by a vehicle.

In this paper the object oriented hardware-software model and its sample implementation of diagnostics for the Overlap Muon Track Finder trigger for the CMS experiment in CERN is described. It presents realization of test-bench for control and diagnosis class of multichannel, distributed measurement systems based on FPGA chips. The test-bench fulfills requirements for system’s rapid changes, configurability and efficiency. This ability is very significant and desirable by expanded electronic systems. The solution described is a software model based on a method of address space management called the Component Internal Interface (CII). Establishment of stable link between hardware and software, as a purpose of designed and realized programming environment, is presented. The test-bench implementation and example of OMTF algorithm test is presented.

The ATLAS experiment is preparing for data taking at 14 TeV collision energy. A rich discovery physics program is being prepared in addition to the detailed study of Standard Model processes which will be produced in abundance. The ATLAS multi-level trigger system is designed to accept one event in 2 ∣ 105 to enable the selection of rare and unusual physics events. The ATLAS calorimeter system is a precise instrument, which includes liquid Argon electro-magnetic and hadronic components as well as a scintillator-tile hadronic calorimeter. All these components are used in the various levels of the trigger system. A wide physics coverage is ensured by inclusively selecting events with candidate electrons, photons, taus, jets or those with large missing transverse energy. The commissioning of the trigger system is being performed with cosmic ray events and by replaying simulated Monte Carlo events through the trigger and data acquisition system.

Moving to the high energy regime of LHC, the identification of tau leptons will become an important and very powerful tool, allowing the discovery of physics beyond the Standard Model. Tools to efficiently identify tau lepton at trigger level, based on the advanced calorimetry and tracking capabilities, have been developed for the ATLAS experiment. Commissioning of the tau trigger is presently being carried out. Tau trigger implementation, performance, and commissioning strategy is presented.

The aim of the article was to present the food consumption in years 1999-2003. There was discussed the diversification of incomes and expenditures in particular quintile and socialeconomics groups as well as their influence on consumption size. It was mentioned that the incomes are less diverse in each group than in whole rural population. It was noticed that in groups of the lowest income the consumption size is not sufficient and often does not let satisfy all basic needs. It was affirmed that in the first quintile, the price for one good is usually lower than in the fifth quintile, which proves that goods purchased by poor people are generally of worse quality. Quantitative and qualitative consumption improvement may be caused by income increase of rural areas population.

The algorithm for a L1 muon trigger based on six RPC planes is described. Single muon L1 rates and efficiencies are presented. Simulations of L1 RPC Trigger rates from prompt muons, RPC noise and neutron background are shown. The 6 planes algorithm leads to large reduction of false triggers originating from ghosts and uncorrelated background.

In the paper experimental results of microbeam/cantilever vibration measurements are presented. The cantilever under investigation is used as a sensor in a Atomic Force Microscope. Double-Beam Digital Interferometry with time averaging and interferogram processing was used for optimization of vibration mode visualization. Several two-frame methods with phase step between the frames were compared with the four-frame method with phase step π/2 between consecutive frames. The experimental results obtained prove that the four-frame method is the most appropriate for further quantitative amplitude and phase analysis.