Aliakbar Ebrahimi

Ornithopters or mechanical birds produce aerodynamic lift and thrust through the flapping motion of their wings. Here, we use an experimental apparatus to investigate the effects of a wing's twisting stiffness on the generated thrust force and the power required at different flapping frequencies. A flapping wing system and an experimental set-up were designed to measure the unsteady aerodynamic and inertial forces, power usage and angular speed of the flapping wing motion. A data acquisition system was set-up to record important data with the appropriate sampling frequency. The aerodynamic performance of the vehicle under hovering (i.e., no wind) conditions was investigated. The lift and thrust that were produced were measured for different flapping frequencies and for various wings with different chordwise flexibilities. The results show the manner in which the elastic deformation and inertial flapping forces affect the dynamical behavior of the wing. It is shown that the generalization of the actuator disk theory is, at most, only valid for rigid wings, and for flexible wings, the power P varies by a power of about 1.0 of the thrust T. This aerodynamic information can also be used as benchmark data for unsteady flow solvers.

The CALICE Semi-Digital Hadronic Calorimeter (SDHCAL) prototype, built in 2011, was exposed to beams of hadrons, electrons and muons in two short periods in 2012 on two different beam lines of the CERN SPS. The prototype with its 48 active layers, made of Glass Resistive Plate Chambers and their embedded readout electronics, was run in triggerless and power-pulsing mode. The performance of the SDHCAL during the test beam was found to be very satisfactory with an efficiency exceeding 90% for almost all of the 48 active layers. A linear response (within 5%) and a good energy resolution are obtained for a large range of hadronic energies (5-80GeV) by applying appropriate calibration coefficients to the collected data for both the Digital (Binary) and the Semi-Digital (Multi-threshold) modes of the SDHCAL prototype. The Semi-Digital mode shows better performance at energies exceeding 30GeV

The aerodynamic performance of a flexible membrane flapping wing has been investigated here. For this purpose, a flapping-wing system and an experimental set-up were designed to measure the unsteady aerodynamic forces of the flapping wing motion. A one-component force balance was set up to record the temporal variations of aerodynamic forces. The flapping wing was studied in a large low-speed wind tunnel. The lift and thrust of this mechanism were measured for different flapping frequencies, angles of attack and for various wind tunnel velocities. Results indicate that the thrust increases with the flapping frequency. An increase in the wind tunnel speed and flow angle of attack leads to reduction in the thrust value and increases the lift component. The aerodynamic and performance parameters were nondimensionalized. Appropriate models were introduced which show its aerodynamic performance and may be used in the design process and also optimization of the flapping wing.

Abstract The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of 72 × 72 cm^2 and a tile size of 3 × 3 cm^2. With 38 active layers, the prototype has nearly 22,000 readout channels, and its total thickness amounts to 4.4 nuclear interaction lengths. The dedicated readout electronics provide time stamping of each hit with an expected resolution of about 1 ns. The prototype was constructed in 2017 and commissioned in beam tests at DESY. It recorded muons, hadron showers and electron showers at different energies in test beams at CERN in 2018. In this paper, the design of the prototype, its construction and commissioning are described. The methods used to calibrate the detector are detailed, and the performance achieved in terms of uniformity and stability is presented.

The intrinsic time structure of hadronic showers influences the timing capability and the required integration time of hadronic calorimeters in particle physics experiments, and depends on the active medium and on the absorber of the calorimeter. With the CALICE T3B experiment, a setup of 15 small plastic scintillator tiles read out with Silicon Photomultipliers, the time structure of showers is measured on a statistical basis with high spatial and temporal resolution in sampling calorimeters with tungsten and steel absorbers. The results are compared to GEANT4 (version 9.4 patch 03) simulations with different hadronic physics models. These comparisons demonstrate the importance of using high precision treatment of low-energy neutrons for tungsten absorbers, while an overall good agreement between data and simulations for all considered models is observed for steel.

The high granularity of the CALICE Semi-Digital Hadronic CALorimeter (SDHCAL) provides the capability to reveal the track segments present in hadronic showers. These segments are then used as a tool to probe the behaviour of the active layers in situ, to better reconstruct the energy of these hadronic showers and also to distinguish them from electromagnetic ones. In addition, the comparison of these track segments in data and the simulation helps to discriminate among the different shower models used in the simulation. To extract the track segments in the showers recorded in the SDHCAL, a Hough Transform is used after being adapted to the presence of the dense core of the hadronic showers and the SDHCAL active medium structure.

A neural network for software compensation was developed for the highly granular CALICE Analogue Hadronic Calorimeter (AHCAL). The neural network uses spatial and temporal event information from the AHCAL and energy information, which is expected to improve sensitivity to shower development and the neutron fraction of the hadron shower. The neural network method produced a depth-dependent energy weighting and a time-dependent threshold for enhancing energy deposits consistent with the timescale of evaporation neutrons. Additionally, it was observed to learn an energy-weighting indicative of longitudinal leakage correction. In addition, the method produced a linear detector response and outperformed a published control method regarding resolution for every particle energy studied.

A first prototype of a scintillator strip-based electromagnetic calorimeter was built, consisting of 26 layers of tungsten absorber plates interleaved with planes of 45×10×3 mm3 plastic scintillator strips. Data were collected using a positron test beam at DESY with momenta between 1 and 6 GeV/c. The prototype׳s performance is presented in terms of the linearity and resolution of the energy measurement. These results represent an important milestone in the development of highly granular calorimeters using scintillator strip technology. A number of possible design improvements were identified, which should be implemented in a future detector of this type. This technology is being developed for a future linear collider experiment, aiming at the precise measurement of jet energies using particle flow techniques.

We present the site selection process and urban planning of a Lunar Base for a crew of 10 (LB10), with an infrared astronomical telescope, based on the concept of the Lunar LIquid Mirror Telescope. LB10 is a base designated for permanent human presence on the Moon. The base architecture is based on utilization of inflatable, rigid and regolith structures for different purposes. The location for the settlement is identified through a detailed analysis of surface conditions and terrain parameters around the Lunar North and South Poles. A number of selection criteria were defined regarding construction, astronomical observations, landing and illumination conditions. The location suggested for the settlement is in the vicinity of the North Pole, utilizing the geographical morphology of the area. The base habitat is on a highly illuminated and relatively flat plateau. The observatory in the vicinity of the base, approximately 3.5 kilometers from the Lunar North Pole, inside a crater to shield it from Sunlight. An illustration of the final form of the habitat is also depicted, inspired by the baroque architectural form.

This paper presents results obtained with the combined CALICE Scintillator Electromagnetic Calorimeter, Analogue Hadronic Calorimeter and Tail Catcher & Muon Tracker, three high granularity scintillator-silicon photomultiplier calorimeter prototypes. The response of the system to pions with momenta between 4 GeV/c and 32 GeV/c is analysed, including the average energy response, resolution, and longitudinal shower profiles. Two techniques are applied to reconstruct the initial particle energy from the measured energy depositions; a standard energy reconstruction which is linear in the measured depositions and a software compensation technique based on reweighting individually measured depositions according to their hit energy. The results are compared to predictions of the GEANT 4 physics lists QGSP_BERT_HP and FTFP_BERT_HP.

Showers produced by positive hadrons in the highly granular CALICE scintillator-steel analogue hadron calorimeter were studied. The experimental data were collected at CERN and FNAL for single particles with initial momenta from 10 to 80 GeV/c. The calorimeter response and resolution and spatial characteristics of shower development for proton- and pion-induced showers for test beam data and simulations using Geant4 version 9.6 are compared.

Results of an extensive R&D program aiming at radiation hard, small pitch, 3D pixel sensors are reported. The CMS experiment is supporting this R&D in the scope of the Inner Tracker upgrade for the High Luminosity phase of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). In the HL-LHC the Inner Tracker will have to withstand an integrated fluence up to 2.3×1016neq/cm2. A small number of 3D sensors were interconnected with the RD53A readout chip, which is the first prototype of 65 nm CMOS pixel readout chip designed for the HL-LHC pixel trackers. In this paper results obtained in beam tests before and after irradiation are reported. The irradiation of a single chip module was performed up to a maximum equivalent fluence of about 1×1016neq/cm2. The analysis of the collected data shows excellent performance: the spatial resolution in not irradiated sensors can reach about 3 to 5 μm, for inclined tracks, depending on the pixel pitch. The measured hit detection efficiencies are close to 99% measured both before and after the above mentioned irradiation fluence.

Flapping-wing vehicles produce aerodynamic lift and thrust through the flapping motion of their wings. The performance of a flexible-membrane flapping wing is experimentally investigated here. A new scheme for finding flight envelopes for a particular flapping vehicle is introduced as well. A flapping-wing system and an experimental setup are designed to measure the lift, thrust, and power usage of the flapping-wing motion for different flapping frequencies, angles of incidence, and various wind tunnel velocities up to 12 m/s. The obtained results are used in the performance analysis of this flapping wing. For each given weight (or payload), one may find the best cruise speed for maximum range, corresponding to a minimum ratio of power to cruise speed (i.e., energy usage for unit distance), or for maximum endurance corresponding to minimum power (i.e., minimum flapping frequency).

Lepton colliders are considered as options to complement and to extend the physics programme at the Large Hadron Collider. The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is an $e^+e^-$ collider under development aiming at centre-of-mass energies of up to 3 TeV. For experiments at CLIC, a hadron sampling calorimeter with tungsten absorber is proposed. Such a calorimeter provides sufficient depth to contain high-energy showers, while allowing a compact size for the surrounding solenoid. A fine-grained calorimeter prototype with tungsten absorber plates and scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers was built and exposed to particle beams at CERN. Results obtained with electrons, pions and protons of momenta up to 10 GeV are presented in terms of energy resolution and shower shape studies. The results are compared with several GEANT4 simulation models in order to assess the reliability of the Monte Carlo predictions relevant for a future experiment at CLIC.

The spatial development of hadronic showers in the CALICE scintillator-steel analogue hadron calorimeter is studied using test beam data collected at CERN and FNAL for single positive pions and protons with initial momenta in the range of 10–80 GeV/c. Both longitudinal and radial development of hadron showers are parametrised with two-component functions. The parametrisation is fit to test beam data and simulations using the QGSP_BERT and FTFP_BERT physics lists from GEANT4 version 9.6. The parameters extracted from data and simulated samples are compared for the two types of hadrons. The response to pions and the ratio of the non-electromagnetic to the electromagnetic calorimeter response, h/e, are estimated using the extrapolation and decomposition of the longitudinal profiles.

In special tests, the active layers of the CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter prototype, the DHCAL, were exposed to low energy particle beams, without being interleaved by absorber plates. The thickness of each layer corresponded approximately to 0.29 radiation lengths or 0.034 nuclear interaction lengths, defined mostly by the copper and steel skins of the detector cassettes. This paper reports on measurements performed with this device in the Fermilab test beam with positrons in the energy range of 1 to 10 GeV. The measurements are compared to simulations based on GEANT4 and a standalone program to emulate the detailed response of the active elements.

The CALICE Semi-Digital Hadron Calorimeter (SDHCAL) technological prototype is a sampling calorimeter using Glass Resistive Plate Chamber detectors with a three-threshold readout as the active medium. This technology is one of the two options proposed for the hadron calorimeter of the International Large Detector for the International Linear Collider. The prototype was exposed to beams of muons, electrons and pions of different energies at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. To be able to study the performance of such a calorimeter in future experiments it is important to ensure reliable simulation of its response. In this paper we present our prototype simulation performed with GEANT4 and the digitization procedure achieved with an algorithm called SimDigital. A detailed description of this algorithm is given and the methods to determinate its parameters using muon tracks and electromagnetic showers are explained. The comparison with hadronic shower data shows a good agreement up to 50 GeV. Discrepancies are observed at higher energies. The reasons for these differences are investigated.

The topic of the paper is the position reconstruction from signals of segmented detectors. With the help of a simple simulation, it is shown that the position reconstruction using the centre-of-gravity method is strongly biased, if the width of the charge (or e.g. light) distribution at the electrodes (or photo detectors) is less than the read-out pitch. A method is proposed which removes this bias for events with signals in two or more read-out channels and thereby improves the position resolution. The method also provides an estimate of the position–response function for every event. Examples are given for which its width as a function of the reconstructed position varies by as much as an order of magnitude. A fast Monte Carlo program is described which simulates the signals from a silicon pixel detector traversed by charged particles under different angles, and the results obtained with the proposed reconstruction method and with the centre-of-gravity method are compared. The simulation includes the local energy-loss fluctuations, the position-dependent electric field, the diffusion of the charge carriers, the electronics noise and charge thresholds for clustering, A comparison to test-beam-data is used to validate the simulation.

The concept of a Lunar Base for a crew of 10 (LB10), with an astronomical telescope is presented in this paper. The focus is on the architectural solutions for a lunar habitat with an astronomical observatory as well as site selection for the location and deployment of the settlement. LB10 is a base designated for scientific research but also commercial utilization of permanent human presence on the Moon. The architecture of the LB10 is driven by minimum mass of the structure components transported from the Earth and maximum safety during construction and use of the base. A number of robotic and deployable structures are used to achieve this goal. The base architecture is based on utilization of inflatable, rigid and regolith structures for different purposes. The inflatable, fragile, inner part of the base holds the human’s biosphere while the exterior regolith shell provides solid shield against radiation and micrometeoroids. The architecture exterior thus resembles terrestrial fortification design to endure object impact, while the interior provides comfortable and safe living in the sphere. The observatory in the vicinity of the base is also a self-deployable structure which uses liquid mirror technology and is located on the North Pole of the Moon 4 km from the base.

Abstract Simulation–optimization approaches are useful methods for the assessment of water resource engineering plans and finding the best management policy at the watershed scale. In this study, to find the optimum operation for a reservoir with the purpose of satisfying water demands while meeting the water quantity and quality criteria, a generic reservoir and river basin simulation model (MODSIM) is coupled with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm leading to construct the PSO–MODSIM model. With the decision variables of the reservoir's monthly releases, the objective function is to maximize the supply for downstream demands while keeping the electrical conductivity (EC) in the river flow lower than a predefined level at the downstream checkpoint, which is a function of the EC in the agricultural return flows. Moreover, a safe flow rate is defined in which the streamflow should not exceed at the checkpoint resulting in mitigation of the submerging lands damage. Results obtained by the PSO–MODSIM model indicate the ability of the proposed simulation–optimization approach for solving the problem of optimal quantity–quality-based water allocation in a reservoir–river system. For instance, the EC at the checkpoint is decreased by 61% in the optimum reservoir operation state comparing the present situation, whereas the municipal and environmental demands are fully met and the agricultural demands are supplied with a desirable reliability satisfaction level.

A study of 3D pixel sensors of cell size 50 {\mu}m x 50 {\mu}m fabricated at IMB-CNM using double-sided n-on-p 3D technology is presented. Sensors were bump-bonded to the ROC4SENS readout chip. For the first time in such a small-pitch hybrid assembly, the sensor response to ionizing radiation in a test beam of 5.6 GeV electrons was studied. Results for non-irradiated sensors are presented, including efficiency, charge sharing, signal-to-noise, and resolution for different incidence angles.

MoTiC (Monolithic Timing Chip) is a prototype DMAPS Chip that builds on sensor technology developed in the ARCADIA project.The 50 by 50 µm 2 pixels contain a small charge collecting electrode with a very low capacitance surrounded by radiation-hard in-pixel electronics.The chip contains a matrix of 5120 pixels on an area of 3.2 by 4 mm 2 .Each pixel features a trimmable and maskable comparator with a sample and hold circuit for the analog pulse height.Groups of 4 pixels share a TDC situated also in the readout matrix.This work presents the chip design and preliminary results of the hit efficiencies and spatial resolution measured in a first test beam campaign with 4-5 GeV/c electrons conducted at DESY.

The luminosity of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will be upgraded to 7.5 × 10 34 cm -1 s -2 .The increased luminosity leads to an increased particle fluence and ionizing dose in the detectors.The tracking detectors of the CMS experiment will be upgraded in order to cope with the new operating conditions.Prototype hybrid pixels sensors for the CMS Inner Tracker upgrade with rectangular 100 µm × 25 µm pixels produced by three different manufacturers and readout by the RD53A chip were characterized before and after irradiation to fluences up to Φ eq = 2.0 × 10 16 cm -2 .The characterization results presented in this paper demonstrate that all sensors meet the requirements for operation at the high-luminosity LHC.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can support various tissues including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and synovial fluids, from which they can be readily isolated.The objective of this study is to harness the advantages of microfluidic systems for controlling and enhancing the maintenance and viability, and regenerative properties of MSCs by providing a 3D culture microenvironment with gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel and exposing the cells to a slow fluid flow and low shear stress conditions.GelMA has methacryloyl groups and can be crosslinked by a photocuring process using biocompatible photoinitiators.The most common used photoinitiator for cellular encapsulation within hydrogels is the ultraviolet (UV) initiator 2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (Irgacure 2959 or I2959), but due to its low water solubility and the necessity of using a shorter wavelength light (365 nm), it can lead to cellular phototoxic and genotoxic effects.To overcome these limitations, lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) have recently been used with GelMA as an alternative photoinitiator.Because LAP is highly water soluble and has a 10 times faster polymerization rate, and it requires a visible light (λ = 405 nm) which makes it much safer for the cells, we use 10% GelMA together with 0.05% LAP photoinitiator for bioprinting human adipose tissue derived MSCs (hAT-MSCs) onto a membrane that has a 40 µm mesh size.To demonstrate a microfluidic culture advancement for improving the biological activities and regenerative capacity of the cells including cell adhesion, growth, viability and proliferation capacity as ultimate goals of this study, the membrane carrying the bioprinted construct was placed in a PDMS microchannel and exposed to the fluid to obtain dynamic microenvironments found in the human body.As a result, the cells were successfully maintained in the microfluidic 3D cell culture for two days, with a high cell viability of 99%.

The collected charge of two pad diodes is measured along the diode width using a 5.2GeV electron beam at the DESY II beam test facility. The electron beam enters parallel to the readout electrode plane and perpendicular to the edge of the diode. The position of the electron beam is reconstructed by three planes of an EUDET-type telescope. An in-situ procedure is developed to align the diode surface parallel to the electron beam. The result of these measurements is the charge collection efficiency profile as a function of depth for each diode. For a non-irradiated diode, the charge profile is uniform as a function of the beam position for bias voltages above the full-depletion, as expected. For the irradiated diode, the charge profile is non-uniform and changes as a function of bias voltage.

Flapping is described as simultaneous heave and pitch oscillations of a wing. The dominant way for producing lifting and propulsive force in natural flight is flapping (Pennycuick, 2008; Shyy et al., 1999). Unlike the most common aerial vehicles, in flapping flight, both lift and thrust forces are produced simultaneously by flapping wings. Apparently, flapping is an efficient way for flight in low Reynolds numbers. Currently, the field of low Reynolds number aerodynamics is receiving considerable attention because of a global recent interest in development of Micro Air Vehicles (Shyy et al., 2008).

The idea of spontaneous symmetry breaking as the mechanism through which elementary particles gain mass has been confirmed by the discovery of the Higgs boson at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Studying the Higgs boson properties are of great importance to verify the Standard Model predictions. Any deviation from these predictions could uncover physics beyond the Standard Model. The mass of the Higgs boson is one of the important parameters of the Standard Model. The precise determination of the Higgs boson mass is of interest in its own right and also for other Higgs physics studies since it enters as parametric uncertainty into the extraction of the partial width from branching ratio measurements.The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a future polarised e+e- collider designed for precision physics studies. The Higgs boson decay to a pair of bottom quarks H->bb has the largest branching ratio of all Higgs decays, providing a large dataset for physics analyses. The possibility of measuring the Higgs boson mass in the e+e- -> ZH -> qqbb channel is investigated in this thesis for centre-of-mass energies of 350 GeV and 500 GeV.Since the Higgs boson mass is reconstructed from two b jets, the jet energy resolution hasa high impact on the measurement. A new method to estimate the jet energy resolution for each jet individually is developed in this thesis. The jet-specific energy resolution is then used in the analysis for the Higgs boson mass measurements. Various strategies for the Higgs boson mass measurement are investigated. For an integrated luminosity of 1000 fb^{-1} and a beam polarisation of (-0.8,+0.3), statistical uncertainties of 42 MeV and 89 MeV are achieved for the centre-of-mass energies of 350 GeV and 500 GeV, respectively. Various sources of systematic uncertainties are also discussed.These results are obtained using a full GEANT4-based simulation of the International Large Detector (ILD) concept. The jet energy resolution required for the Higgs boson mass measurement can only be achieved using the particle flow approach to reconstruction. The particle flow approach requires highly-granular calorimeters and a highly efficient tracking system. The CALICE collaboration is developing highly-granular calorimeters for such applications. One of the challenges in the development of such calorimeters with millions of read-out channels is their Data Acquisition System (DAQ) system. The second part of this thesis involves contributions to development of a new DAQ system for the CALICE scintillator calorimeters. The new DAQ system fulfills the requirements for the prototypes tests while being scalable to larger systems. The requirements and general architecture of the DAQ system is outlined in this thesis. The new DAQ system has been commissioned and tested with particle beams at the CERN Proton Synchrotron test beam facility in 2014,results of which are presented here. Die Idee der spontanen Symmetriebrechung, durch die Elementarteilchen Masse erwerben, wird durch die Entdeckung des Higgs-Bosons am CERN Large Hadron Collider bestatigt. Untersuchungen der Eigenschaften des Higgs-Bosons sind von groser Bedeutung, um die Vorhersagen des Standardmodells zu uberprufen. Jede Abweichung von diesen Vorhersagen konnte Physik jenseits des Standardmodells aufdecken. Die Masse des Higgs-Bosons ist einer der wichtigen Parameter des Standardmodells. Eine prazise Bestimmung der Higgs-Boson-Masse ist an sich und auch fur andere Higgs-Physikstudien von Interesse da sie als parametrische Unsicherheit in die Extraktion der Partialbreite aus Messungen des Verzweigungsverhaltnisses eingeht. Der International Linear Collider (ILC) ist ein zukunftiger polarisierter e+ e− Collider fur Prazisionsphysik-Studien. Der Higgs-Boson-Zerfall in ein Bottom- und ein Anti-Bottom-Quark hat das groste Verzweigungsverhaltnis aller Higgs-Zerfalle. Daeher bietet er einen grosen Datensatz fur Physikanalysen. In dieser Arbeit wird die Moglichkeit der Messung der Higgs-Boson-Masse am ILC im Kanal e+e− -> ZH -> qqbb fur die Schwerpunktsenergien von 350 GeV und 500 GeV untersucht. Da die Higgs-Boson-Masse aus zwei b Jets rekonstruiert wird, hat die Jetenergieauflosung einen grosen Einfluss auf diese Messung. Eine neue Methode zur Abschatzung der individuellen Jetenergieauflosung fur jeden Teilchenjet wird in dieser Arbeit entwickelt. Die jetspezifische Energieauflosung wird dann in der Analyse zur Messung der Higgs-Boson-Masse verwendet. Es werden verschiedene Strategien fur die Bestimmung der Masse mit kinematischen Fits untersucht. Fur eine integrierte Luminositat von 1000 fb−1 und eine Strahlpolarisation von (−0.8,+0.3) werden statistische Unsicherheiten von 42 MeV und 89 MeV fur die Schwerpunktsenergien von 350 GeV bzw. 500 GeV erreicht. Verschiedene Quellen systematischer Unsicherheiten werden diskutiert. Fur diese Studie wird eine vollstandige Geant4-Simulation das International Large Detector (ILD) Konzepts verwendet. Die fur die Higgs-Boson-Massenmessung erforderliche Jetenergieauflosung kann nur mit dem Particle Flow Ansatz zur Ereignisrekonstruktion erreicht werden. Particle Flow Algorithmen erfordern Kalorimeter mit hoher Granularitat und ein sehr effizientes Trackingsystem. Die CALICE-Kollaboration entwickelt Kalorimeter mit hoher Granularitat fur solche Anwendungen. Eine der Herausforderungen bei der Entwicklung solcher Kalorimeter mit mehreren Millionen Kanalen ist ihre Datenauslese. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beinhaltet Beitrage zur Entwicklung eines neuen Datenauslesesystems fur die CALICE-Szintillator-Kalorimeter. Das neue Auslesesystem erfullt die Anforderungen fur Tests von Kalorimeter-Prototypen, wahrend es auf grosere Systeme skalierbar ist. Die Anforderungen und die allgemeine Architektur des Datennahmesystem werden in dieser Arbeit skizziert. Das neue Datennahmesystem wurde im Jahr 2014 bei Teststrahl-Messungen am CERN Proton Synchrotron in Betrieb genommen und getestet. Die Ergebnisse sind hier dargestellt.

This paper presents results obtained with the combined CALICE Scintillator Electromagnetic Calorimeter, Analogue Hadronic Calorimeter and Tail Catcher & Muon Tracker, three high granularity scintillator-SiPM calorimeter prototypes. The response of the system to pions with momenta between 4 GeV/c and 32 GeV/c is analysed, including the energy response, resolution, and longitudinal shower profiles. The results of a software compensation technique based on weighting according to hit energy are compared to those of a standard linear energy reconstruction. The results are compared to predictions of the GEANT4 physics lists QGSP_BERT_HP and FTFP_BERT_HP.

هلاقم تاعلاطا هدیکچ لماک یشهوژپ هلاقم :تفایرد 16 دادرم 1392 :شریذپ 14 نابآ 1392 :تیاس رد هئارا 01 رهم 1393 لدم کی قیقحت نیا رد یمتسیس قیقد يزاس رب رثوم ياهرتماراپ همه لماش و تسا دیدج دوخ هبون هب هک هدش هیارا نزلاب هدنرپ زا تیزم ندز لاب مزیناکم .تسا نآ درکلمع هدنرپ ورکیم رد ار مک تعرس و يریذپرونام هجوت لباق ياه تیلاعف .تسا هداد تسدب اه هبنج هب نتخادرپ نمض يراج لدم فلتخم ياه مهارف ار عماج يرتماراپ هعلاطم کی ناکما ،کیتسلااوریآ تلاداعم قیفلت و يزاس لدم .تسا هدروا فاطعنا لاب کی رب مکاح تلاداعم هعسوت يانبم رب يزاس هداد سایق اب ،مود ماگ رد و هدش ماجنا ریذپ یبرجت ياه ات و یبایزرا لدم رابتعا ،کیتاتسا تست يوکس کی زا لصاح هیبش زا لصاح جیاتن .تسا هدش دیی بلاق رد يرتماراپ هعلاطم و يزاس تیمک نیگنایم راتفر و یشچیپ یتخس بسح رب نامدنار و یفرصم ناوت ،هدنربولج يورین تارییغت .تسا هدش هیارا يدرکلمع ياه هدش هداد ناشن ندز لاب کیتامنیس زین بودت نزلاب هنیهب زاورپ تامازلا انبم نیا رب .دنا یم ناشن تیلاعف نیا جیاتن .تسا هدش ن اب دهد اب نیاربانب .دنتسه لقتسم ،یشچیپ یتخس رتماراپ و ندز لاب هنماد هنیهب ریداقم ،هدنرپ يولج هب ور تعرس عبطلاب و سناکرف رییغت یم یکیتامنیس ياهریغتم بسانم باختنا .درک زاورپ هنیهب طیارش رد هراومه ،نیعم یتخس کی اب ناوت :ناگژاو دیلک نزلاب لدم يزاس کیتسلااوریآ هنیهب يزاس کیتامنیس

S38ICTR-PHE 2016 induced foci which was in accordance with the progression of DNA repair and the declining dose rates.The absorbed dose in most patients treated with 131 I exceeded 20mGy in the first hour, and in these patients, the on-set of a fast repair component was observed.Conclusions: With the experimental results and model calculations presented in this work, for the first time a doseresponse relationship and a description of the time course of the in-vitro and in-vivo damage response after internal irradiation of β --emitters could be established.

The basic prototype of a tile hadron calorimeter (HCAL) for the International Linear Collider (ILC) has been realised and extensively tested. A major aspect of the proposed concept is the improvement of the jet energy resolution by measuring details of the shower development and combining them with the data of the tracking system (particle flow). The prototype utilises scintillating tiles that are read out by novel Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and takes into account all design aspects that are demanded by the intended operation at the ILC. Currently, a new 12 layer prototype with about 3400 detector channels is under development. Alternative architectures for the scintillating tiles with and without wavelength-shifting fibres and tiles with individual wrapping with reflector foil is tested as well as different types of SiPMs. The new prototype was used for the first time at the CERN Proton Synchrotron test facility in fall 2014. Additionally, detector modules for the CALICE scintillator-based Electromagnetic Calorimeter (Sc-ECAL), that follow the proposed HCAL electronics architecture, were part of this new prototype. A new multi-layer Data Acquisition System (DAQ) was used for the detector configuration and operation.

Bu calismanin ilk kisminda Kitosan-g-PCL kopolimerleri ve PCL sentezlenmistir. Oligo-PCL zincirlerinin kitosan zincirleri uzerinde graft edilmesi icin kitosan azot atmosferi altinda asidik ortamda (metansolfunik asit) cozundukten sonra e-kaprolakton monmeri iki farkli oranda ortama ilave edilmis ve iki farkli kitosan-graft-PCL kopolimerleri (CS-g-PCL I ve CS-g-PCL II) sentezlenmistir. PCL sentezi icin halka acilmasi polimerizasyonu kullanilmistir. e-kaprolakton monomeri payreks tup icinde 110 C sicakliga kadar isitildiktan sonra 5 dakika boyunca azot atmosferi altinda tutulmus, monomerin 1/1000 (agirlikca) oraninda kalay oktoat katalizor olarak ilave edilmistir. Elde edilen karisim vorteks ile hemojenlestirilmis, daha sonra 24 saat boyunca 120 C’de bekletilerek PCL sentezi tamamlanmistir. Sentezlenen polimerler FTIR, 1H-NMR, TGA ve GPC yontemleri ile karakterize edilmis ve polimerlerin basarili bir sekilde sentezlendigi saptanmis ve molekul agirliklari elde edilmistir. Daha sonra PCL’nin kopolimerlerle ayri ayri farkli oranlarda kloroform ve N,N-dimetilformamid cozucu sisteminde karisimlari olusturulmus ve bu karisimlar iki farkli yontem kullanilarak elektroegirilmis, PCL ve kitosan-graft-PCL-blend-PCL nanofiberleri olusturulmustur. Nanofiberlerin uretimi icin kullanilan ilk yontem geleneksel siringali elektroegirme yontemdir. Kullanilan ikinci yontem ise Elmarco sirketi tarafindan uretilen Elmarco “Nanospider” cihazidir. Nanofiberlerin yuzey kimyasi, hidrofilik ve hidrofobik ozellikleri, mekanik ozellikler, morfolojileri ve fiberlerin caplari, sirasiyla XPS (X-isini fotoelektron spektroskopisi), su temas acisi testi, mekanik test ve SEM ile incelenmistir. Daha sonra nanofiberlerin antibakteriyel ozellikleri gram pozitif ve gram negatif patojen bakteriler uzerinde incelenmistir. Nanofiber matrisleri uzerinde biyofilm olusumu deneyleri de gerceklesmistir. Son asamada sonokimyasal indirgeme yontemi ile nanofiber yuzeylerine farkli konsantrasyonlar kullanilarak altin ve gumus partikulleri yuklenmistir. Kiyaslama amaci ile onceden sentezlenen altin nanopartikulleri de sonikasyon yardimiyla nanofiber matrisleri uzerine yuklemistir. Nanofiberlerin SEM goruntuleri elde edilerek nanofiberlerin yuzeylerinde olusan altin ve gumus nanopartikulleri incelenmistir. Farkli oranlarda nanofiber matrislerin yuzeylerine yuklenen altin ve gumus nanopartikullerin SERS etkileri raman spektrumlari alinarak incelenmistir. Daha sonra en yuksek SERS piklerine sahip altin ve gumus yuklenmis nanofiberin yuzeyleri fluoresan boya ile boyanmis ve bu yuzeylere E. coli ATCC 25922 suspansiyonu ilave edilerek yuzeylerin bakteri uzerinde etkileri degerlendirilmistir.

Pixelated silicon detectors are state-of-the-art technology to achieve precise tracking and vertexing at collider experiments, designed to accurately measure the hit position of incoming particles in high rate and radiation environments. The detector requirements become extremely demanding for operation at the High-Luminosity LHC, where up to 200 interactions will overlap in the same bunch crossing on top of the process of interest. Additionally, fluences up to 2.3 10^16 cm^-2 1 MeV neutron equivalent at 3.0 cm distance from the beam are expected for an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb^-1. In the last decades, the pixel pitch has constantly been reduced to cope with the experiment's needs of achieving higher position resolution and maintaining low pixel occupancy per channel. The spatial resolution improves with a decreased pixel size but it degrades with radiation damage. Therefore, prototype sensor modules for the upgrade of the experiments at the HL-LHC need to be tested after being irradiated. This paper describes position resolution measurements on planar prototype sensors with 100x25 um^2 pixels for the CMS Phase-2 Upgrade. It reviews the dependence of the position resolution on the relative inclination angle between the incoming particle trajectory and the sensor, the charge threshold applied by the readout chip, and the bias voltage. A precision setup with three parallel planes of sensors has been used to investigate the performance of sensors irradiated to fluences up to F_eq = 3.6 10^15 cm-2. The measurements were performed with a 5 GeV electron beam. A spatial resolution of 3.2 +\- 0.1 um is found for non-irradiated sensors, at the optimal angle for charge sharing. The resolution is 5.0 +/- 0.2 um for a proton-irradiated sensor at F_eq = 2.1 10^15 cm-2 and a neutron-irradiated sensor at F_eq = 3.6 10^15 cm^-2.

The luminosity of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will be upgraded by a factor of seven to 7.5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">34</sup> cm" <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> s"', hence boosting the physics potential of its experiments. The increased luminosity leads to a higher rate of proton-proton interactions, in the order of 200 events per bunch crossing and a larger dose and fluence. The CMS experiment will upgrade many of its sub-detectors in order to cope with the new experimental conditions. The current tracking system of the CMS will be fully replaced. New pixel sensor designs with pitches of 50 pm × 50 pm and 100 pm × 25 pm for the phase II upgrade of the CMS Inner Tracker are characterised in order to identify the designs which meet the requirements of the High- Luminosity LHC. The sensors are read out by the new RD53A readout chip which has been developed by the RD53 collaboration, a joint effort of the CMS and ATLAS collaborations. As part of the upgrade programme, the RD53A user community evaluates and characterises the performance of the readout chip when equipped with various sensors types. The studies performed on the RD53A chip within the CMS Inner Tracker upgrade research and development programme are presented in this paper. The studies include charge calibration of the RD53A Linear Frontend using X-ray fluorescence, minimum achievable threshold, crosstalk and efficiency and resolution measurements using particle beams.

Pixelated silicon detectors are state-of-the-art technology to achieve precise tracking and vertexing at collider experiments, designed to accurately measure the hit position of incoming particles in high rate and radiation environments. The detector requirements become extremely demanding for operation at the High-Luminosity LHC, where up to 200 interactions will overlap in the same bunch crossing on top of the process of interest. Additionally, fluences up to 2.3 10^16 cm^-2 1 MeV neutron equivalent at 3.0 cm distance from the beam are expected for an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb^-1. In the last decades, the pixel pitch has constantly been reduced to cope with the experiment's needs of achieving higher position resolution and maintaining low pixel occupancy per channel. The spatial resolution improves with a decreased pixel size but it degrades with radiation damage. Therefore, prototype sensor modules for the upgrade of the experiments at the HL-LHC need to be tested after being irradiated. This paper describes position resolution measurements on planar prototype sensors with 100x25 um^2 pixels for the CMS Phase-2 Upgrade. It reviews the dependence of the position resolution on the relative inclination angle between the incoming particle trajectory and the sensor, the charge threshold applied by the readout chip, and the bias voltage. A precision setup with three parallel planes of sensors has been used to investigate the performance of sensors irradiated to fluences up to F_eq = 3.6 10^15 cm-2. The measurements were performed with a 5 GeV electron beam. A spatial resolution of 3.2 +\- 0.1 um is found for non-irradiated sensors, at the optimal angle for charge sharing. The resolution is 5.0 +/- 0.2 um for a proton-irradiated sensor at F_eq = 2.1 10^15 cm-2 and a neutron-irradiated sensor at F_eq = 3.6 10^15 cm^-2.

The collected charge of three pad diodes has been measured along the diode width using a $4.2 \; \text{GeV}$ electron beam at the DESY II beam test facility. The electron beam enters parallel to the readout electrode and perpendicular to the edge of the diode. The position of the electron beam was reconstructed by three planes of an EUDET-type telescope. An in-situ procedure was developed to align the diode surface parallel to the electron beam. The result of these measurements was the charge profile as a function of depth for each diode. For a non-irradiated diode, the charge profile is uniform as a function of the beam position for bias voltages above the full-depletion, as expected. For irradiated diodes, the charge profile is non-uniform and changes as a function of bias voltage.

The currently used approaches in the treatment of wounds and burns have been studied for many years to eliminate problems related with mechanical strength, elasticity, biocompatibility and cost.Nowadays, fabrication of composite fibers by a fiber as core and hydrogels as shell, which can be seeded by cells is rapidly increasing.In this study, it is aimed to produce a natural polymer-based dressing that can provide controlled antibiotic release to accelerate wound healing with low cost and high efficiency.The composites have been achieved by using surgical suture as a core and alginate in the shell part, which modified with starch and gelatin.Evaluating low-cost hydrogel material such as alginate, starch and gelatin in the shell layer of composite fibers by different concentrations were investigated in addition to study their swelling and drug release behaviors.The parameters for the model of an antibiotic release that can prevent common infections can be manipulated by using a biotextile-based approach to quantify the amount of antibiotics and its release to satisfy clinical requirements.Toluidine blue and Penicillin/Streptomycin were chosen as antibiotic models for drug release experiments.Moreover, human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAT-MSCs) were applied to evaluate cell viability experiments.Results demonstrated that alginate modified starch and gelatin can be used as low-cost and promisingmaterials for use in biomedical applications.