Alicia Calderon

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment prepares its Phase-2 upgrade for the high-luminosity era of the LHC operation (HL-LHC). Due to the increase of occupancy, trigger latency and rates, the full electronics of the CMS Drift Tube (DT) chambers will need to be replaced. In the new design, the time bin for the digitization of the chamber signals will be of around 1 ns, and the totality of the signals will be forwarded asynchronously to the service cavern at full resolution. The new backend system will be in charge of building the trigger primitives of each chamber. These trigger primitives contain the information at chamber level about the muon candidates position, direction, and collision time, and are used as input in the L1 CMS trigger. The added functionalities will improve the robustness of the system against ageing. An algorithm based on analytical solutions for reconstructing the DT trigger primitives, called Analytical Method, has been implemented both as a software C++ emulator and in firmware. Its performance has been estimated using the software emulator with simulated and real data samples, and through hardware implementation tests. Measured efficiencies are 96 to 98% for all qualities and time and spatial resolutions are close to the ultimate performance of the DT chambers. A prototype chain of the HL-LHC electronics using the Analytical Method for trigger primitive generation has been installed during Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC and operated in CMS cosmic data taking campaigns in 2020 and 2021. Results from this validation step, the so-called Slice Test, are presented.

We present the measured performance of a new generation of semitransparent amorphous silicon position detectors. They have a large sensitive area (30×30 mm2) and show good properties such as a high response (about 20 mA/W), an intrinsic position resolution better than 3 μm, a spatial-point reconstruction precision better than 10 μm, deflection angles smaller than 10 μrad and a transmission power in the visible and NIR higher than 70%.

This document describes results obtained from the Link alignment system data recorded during the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Magnet Test. A brief description of the system is followed by a discussion of the detected relative displacements (from micrometres to centimetres) between detector elements and rotations of detector structures (from microradians to milliradians). Observed displacements are studied as functions of the magnetic field intensity. In addition, the reconstructed positions of active element sensors are compared to their positions as measured by photogrammetry and the reconstructed motions due to the magnetic field strength are described.

We describe the construction process of large-area high-performance transparent amorphous silicon position detecting sensors. Details about the characteristics of the associated local electronic board (LEB), specially designed for these sensors, are given. In addition we report on the performance of a multipoint alignment monitoring application of 12 sensors in a 13 m long light path.

We present the measured performance of a new generation of large sensitive area (28×28 mm2) semitransparent amorphous silicon position detector sensors. More than 100 units have been characterized. They show a very high performance. To illustrate a multipoint application, we present results from the monitoring of five sensors placed in a 5.5-m-long light path.

A measurement of the optical absorption, induced by photon irradiation up to a dose of 0.9 MGy, in Nufern silica core single-mode optical fibres is presented. In addition, the fibres were irradiated with neutrons, up to a total fluence of 2×1014 cm−2 and the induced optical absorption was evaluated for four different wavelengths: 630, 670, 681 and 785 nm.

This document presents an application of the new generation of amorphous silicon position detecting (ASPD) sensors to multipoint alignment. Twelve units are monitored along a 20 m long laser beam, where the light path is deflected by 90° using a pentaprism.

The CMS drift tubes (DT) muon detector, built for withstanding the LHC expected integrated and instantaneous luminosities, will be used also in the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) at a 5 times larger instantaneous luminosity and, consequently, much higher levels of radiation, reaching about 10 times the LHC integrated luminosity. Initial irradiation tests of a spare DT chamber at the CERN gamma irradiation facility (GIF++), at large (∼ O(100)) acceleration factor, showed ageing effects resulting in a degradation of the DT cell performance. However, full CMS simulations have shown almost no impact in the muon reconstruction efficiency over the full barrel acceptance and for the full integrated luminosity. A second spare DT chamber was moved inside the GIF++ bunker in October 2017. The chamber was being irradiated at lower acceleration factors, and only 2 out of the 12 layers of the chamber were switched at working voltage when the radioactive source was active, being the other layers in standby. In this way the other non-aged layers are used as reference and as a precise and unbiased telescope of muon tracks for the efficiency computation of the aged layers of the chamber, when set at working voltage for measurements. An integrated dose equivalent to two times the expected integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC run has been absorbed by this second spare DT chamber and the final impact on the muon reconstruction efficiency is under study. Direct inspection of some extracted aged anode wires presented a melted resistive deposition of materials. Investigation on the outgassing of cell materials and of the gas components used at the GIF++ are underway. Strategies to mitigate the ageing effects are also being developed. From the long irradiation measurements of the second spare DT chamber, the effects of radiation in the performance of the DTs expected during the HL-LHC run will be presented.

The CMS experiment, in recognition of its commitment to data preservation and open access as well as to education and outreach, has made its first public release of high-level data under the CC0 waiver: up to half of the proton-proton collision data (by volume) at 7 TeV from 2010 in CMS Analysis Object Data format. CMS has prepared, in collaboration with CERN and the other LHC experiments, an open-data web portal based on Invenio. The portal provides access to CMS public data as well as to analysis tools and documentation for the public. The tools include an event display and histogram application that run in the browser. In addition a virtual machine containing a CMS software environment along with XRootD access to the data is available. Within the virtual machine the public can analyse CMS data; example code is provided. We describe the accompanying tools and documentation and discuss the first experiences of data use.

Magnet Cycles and Stability Periods of the CMS Experiment are studied with the Alignment Link System data recorded along the 2008–2013 years of operation. The motions of the mechanical structures due to the magnetic field forces are studied and the mechanical stability of the detector during the physics data taking periods is verified.

The photo-response behaviour of Amorphous Silicon Position Detectors (ASPDs) under prolonged illumination with a 681 nm diode–laser and a 633 nm He–Ne laser is presented. Both direct and inverse Staebler–Wronski effects are observed.

A study of the time required for the CMS detector to reach structural equilibrium once the magnetic field is ramped to its operational value of 3.8 T is presented. In addition, the results from a stability monitoring at 3.8 T over an eight-month period are given.

Implementation of the CMS policy on long-term data preservation, re-use and open access has started.Current practices in providing data additional to published papers and distributing simplified data-samples for outreach are promoted and consolidated.The first measures have been taken for analysis and data preservation for the internal use of the collaboration and for open access to part of the data.Two complementary approaches are followed.First, a virtual machine environment, which will pack all ingredients needed to compile and run a software release with which the legacy data was reconstructed.Second, a validation framework, maintaining the capability not only to read the old raw data, but also to reprocess them with an updated release or to another format to help ensure long-term reusability of the legacy data.

A study of the photo-response behaviour of carbon-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon photo-detectors over 2800 h of continuous illumination with white light is presented. Both direct and inverse Staebler–Wronski effects are observed in the data.

This paper presents the first results on the performance of a new generation of semitransparent amorphous silicon position detectors having very good properties, such as a spatial reconstruction precision better than 10 /spl mu/m, deflection angles smaller than 10 /spl mu/rad and transmission in the visible higher than 80%. In addition, the sensitive area is very large: 30/spl times/30 cm/sup 2/.

We report on the study made on commercial CMOS image sensors in order to determine their feasibility for light beam position reconstruction. Measurements of the intrinsic position resolution, sensor photoresponse and uniformity were done. The effect of eventual background illumination was evaluated. The precision on the spatial point reconstruction was determined from linearity measurements. First results on gamma-ray radiation tolerance are presented.

Optical absorption induced by photon radiation was evaluated for several commercial pure silica core, single mode, optical fibres. The study was performed for three different wavelengths: 630, 670 and 785 nm. We have identified a fibre whose induced transmission loss stays below 1 dB/m after 300 kGy gamma-ray irradiation.

The central feature of the CMS Link alignment system is a network of Amorphous Silicon Position Detectors distributed throughout the muon spectrometer that are connected by multiple laser lines. The data collected during the years from 2008 to 2015 is presented confirming an outstanding performance of the photo sensors during more than seven years of operation. Details of the photo sensor readout of the laser signals are presented. The mechanical motions of the CMS detector are monitored using these photosensors and good agreement with distance sensors is obtained.

During the High Luminosity LHC, the Drift Tube chambers installed in the CMS detector need to operate with an integrated dose ten times higher than expected at the LHC due to the increase in integrated luminosity from 300 fb-1 to 3000 fb-1. Irradiations have been performed to assess the performance of the detector under such conditions and to characterize the radiation aging of the detector. The presented analysis focuses on the behaviour of the high voltage currents and the dose measurements needed to extrapolate the results to High Luminosity conditions, using data from the photon irradiation campaign at GIF++ in 2016 as well as the efficiency analysis from the irradiation campaign started in 2017. Although the single-wire loss of high voltage gain observed of 70% is very high, the muon reconstruction efficiency is expected to decrease less than 20% during the full duration of High Luminosity LHC in the areas under highest irradiation.

We report on irradiation studies done to a sample of high-precision electrolytic tiltmeters with gamma-rays, up to a maximum dose of 150 kGy, and neutrons, up to a maximum fluence of 1.5×1014 cm−2. The effect of the irradiation on their performance is discussed.

The CMS Collaboration, in accordance with its commitment to open access and data preservation, is preparing for the public release of up to half of the reconstructed collision data collected in 2010. Efforts at present are focused on the usability of the data in education. The data will be accompanied by example applications tailored for different levels of access, including ready-to-use web-based applications for histogramming or visualising individual collision events and a virtual machine image of the CMS software environment that is compatible with these data. The virtual machine image will contain instructions for using the data with the online applications as well as examples of simple analyses. The novelty of this initiative is two-fold: in terms of open science, it lies in releasing the data in a format that is good for analysis; from an outreach perspective, it is to provide the possibility for people outside CMS to build educational applications using our public data. CMS will rely on services for data preservation and open access being prototyped at CERN with input from CMS and the other LHC experiments.

Trabajo presentado a la Standard Model at LHC Conference, celebrada en Florencia (Italia) del 21 al 24 de abril de 2015.-- CMS Collaboration

Trabajo presentado al EGI Community Forum, celebrado en Bari (Italia) del 10 al 13 de noviembre de 2015.

We used Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) to study protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in mice skin induced from δ- aminolevulinic acid (ALA) administrated by intraperitoneal route to CD 1 female mice. From obtained PAS spectra and by using the Phase-Resolved Method we estimated that PpIX in skin was preferentially concentrated near to the inner side of the basal membrane. It was also obtained the total attenuation coefficient (μ t) of the mouse skin as a function of wavelength. The obtained μτ values, in particular at 630 nm agree with the literature values for similar samples. Also it was estimated in a first approximation the degradation time of PpIX when is irradiated at its maximun optical absorption wavelength

Se reportan una serie de crecimientos de peliculas delgadas de TiO2 por la tecnica de deposicion rf magnetron sputtering. Las condiciones de crecimiento fue, a una potencia de radio frecuencia a 150 watt, una presion de crecimiento de 10mtorr la cual tiene una distribucion 1:1 de 5mtorr de oxigeno y 5mtorr de argon, con un blanco de titanio de una pureza de 99.999%, y una distancia de separacion blanco sustrato de 10cm, y sobre un sustrato de vidrio Corning. El parametro que se vario fue la temperatura la cual fueron 300oC, 400oC y 500oC donde las tecnicas de caracterizacion optica determinamos su gap de energia entre 2.84 y 3.3 eV, dado tanto para la fase rutile como para la fase anatasa, y mediante la difraccion de rayos x y micro Raman nos muestran su poli critanilidad, su orientacion y sus modos vibracionales de estas muestras. Por difraccion de rayos x podemos determinar tambien su tamano de grano promedio y lo verificamos con microscopia de fuerza atomica lo cual nos muestra una variacion de su tamano el cual varia de 0.98A a 2.78A como se muestra en las figuras de MFA obteniendo una caracterizacion completa de nuestras muestras

The most recent results on the measurements of (tt) production and cross sections at 7 TeV are presented. These are obtained using CMS [1] and ATLAS [2] data collected in 2011. Recent results on the tt production cross section at 8 TeV using 2012 CMS data are also presented. The tt inclusive cross sections are measured in the lepton+jets, dilepton and fully hadronic channels, including the tau-dilepton and tau+jets modes. The results are combined and confronted with precise theory calculations.

In this script are reported the preliminar results of the optical characterization of a prefabricated material, such as silver particles of 2–10 nm, spheres of SiO2 with diameters between 100–400 nm, and SiO2‐Ag0 spheres with diameters between 100–400 nm. A positive nonlinear refractive index, self organizing capability and the facility of production are some important advantages that may be found on those materials.

We present observations of the electrolytic clinometers behaviour inside magnetic field environments introducing phenomenological expressions to account for the measured output voltage variations as functions of field gradients and field strengths.

We show that the Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) is an useful alternative method for the determination of the optical-absorption coefficient of CdTe thin films, in the spectral region near to the fundamental absorption edge, ranging from 1.0 eV to 2.4 eV, using an open cell in the transmission configuration. We applied this method to the optical characterization of CdTe layers for several values of their thickness. These CdTe samples were deposited by closed-space vapor transport (CSVT) tech- nique under different growth conditions.

espanolSe muestra que mediante el calculo y el analisis de la proyeccion de la senal fotoacustica en cada fase o direccion pueden ser determinados los angulos de fase particulares en los que aparecen aisladas las contribuciones al espectro de absorcion optico obtenido mediante la tecnica de espectroscopia fotoacustica. Se discute el metodo para obtener la proyeccion de la senal fotoacustica en funcion del angulo de fase y el analisis del espectro correspondiente. Se aplica esta metodologia en mediciones de piel de mango (Mangifera indica L.) obteniendo las contribuciones aisladas correspondientes a los pigmentos fotoprotectores en la epidermis y la hipodermis EnglishIt is shown that by calculating and analyzing the projection of the photoacoustic signal in each phase or direction, the particular phase angles in which the contributions to the optical absorption spectrum are isolated can be determined. The method for obtaining the projection of the photoacoustic signal as a function of the phase angle and the corresponding spectrum analysis is discussed. This methodology is applied in measurements of mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) skin obtaining the isolated contributions corresponding to their photoprotective pigments in the epidermis and the hypodermis.

This document presents an overview of the induced photocurrents in the Amorphous Silicon Position Detectors used in the network of diode lasers and photo sensors of the CMS Link alignment system recorded during its eleven years of operation. After a description of the sensors characteristics, the layout of the sensors network is discussed. The sensors are distributed throughout the muon spectrometer and connected by laser lines. The data used correspond to readout information obtained during some of the physics runs from 2008 to 2018.

To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will undergo a major upgrade in the coming years, referred to as High Luminosity LHC (HLLHC), aimed to increase its instantaneous luminosity, 5 times larger than the designed limit, and, consequently leading to high levels of radiation, with the goal to collect 10 times larger the original designed integrated luminosity. The drift tube chambers (DT) of CMS muon detector system is built to proficiently measure and trigger on muons in the harsh radiation environment expected during the HL-LHC era. Ageing studies are performed at the CERNs gamma ray irradiation facility (GIF++) by measuring the muon hit efficiency of these detectors at various LHC operation conditions. One such irradiation campaign was started in October 2017, when a spare MB2 chamber moved inside the bunker and irradiated at lower acceleration factors. Two out of twelve layers of the DT chamber were operated while being irradiated with the radioactive source and then their muon hit efficiency was calculated in coincidence with other ten layers which were kept on the standby. The chamber absorbed an integrated dose equivalent to two times the expected integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC. Investigation on the outgassing of cell materials and of the gas components used at the GIF++ are underway and strategies to mitigate the aging effects are also being developed. The effect of radiation on the performance of DT chamber and its impact on the overall muon reconstruction efficiency expected during the HL-LHC are presented.

Traditionally in open pit mining, predicting and sizing potential structurally controlled instabilities has been carried out by statistically processing field mapped structures and slope design parameters, mainly bench orientation and face angle. This methodology usually identifies plane faults (one structure) and wedges (two structures), whose estimated size and probability of existence are based on the assumption of the most unfavourable case. The above is a result of not having simple and fast tools that can provide a georeferenced prediction of instabilities, analysing real surfaces and not only simple benches, and identify polyhedral blocks (three or more structures) with their associated safety factor (SF) and assessing the stability of the blocks on a case-by-case basis. This paper introduces the results of the implementation of algorithms that help to (1) make geolocalised prediction of structurally controlled instabilities using real and mine design surfaces, and to (2) calculate the SF for unstable blocks classified as either planar, wedge, or polyhedral failures, considering rotation. For this, examples from Chile’s large-scale mining sites were used as study cases. Doing a back-analysis exercise that was later proven in the constructed slope, plane failures, wedges and polyhedral blocks were detected in old design surfaces. In addition, potential instabilities were identified by extending the structures mapped at the current operation level to lower benches in the design surface, which were confirmed once those benches were built. The safety factors calculated with this new methodology are consistent with the plane faults, wedges and blocks that were stable or unstable in the slopes evaluated. In the case of wedges, a sample of 207 wedges was evaluated obtaining that the 74% of cases with SF associated to this new methodology had less than 0.2 points of variation comparing to the SF calculated with other software of the industry. In the rest of the cases there is a relation between the bigger variation of SFs and the geometry of the wedges, where the biggest differences among the classic SF and this methodology is associated to the wedges that are more likely to rotate. In the case of polyhedral blocks, whose SF calculation had not been easily obtained with current methodologies, the SF obtained is consistent with those from representative wedges for these blocks. By implementing these algorithms, identification and stability assessment of georeferenced blocks in a bench, wall, structural domain, and even an entire pit, based on actual onsite mapped structures, is streamlined. This enables operational and planning teams to predict geotechnical events and to promptly evaluate measures to improve operational continuity and safety of benches under construction.

Taking the Test: Experiences of first-time neuropsychological testtakers in South Africa.Objective: Demand for neuropsychological (NP) testing with culturally/linguistically diverse individuals, including those with limited or no standardized NP testing experience and living in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), is increasing.Because no research has examined the experience of undergoing NP testing in any population and how it could affect NP test performance, this qualitative study interviewed Xhosaspeaking South Africans about their first experience taking NP tests.Participants and Methods: A guided, semi-structured interview covering the causes of cognitive problems and five domains of the NP testing experience (patterns of abilities, cultural values, familiarity, language, and education) was used.Twenty-two (15 HIV+, 7 HIV-) South Africans (Age M (SD) -33.50 (5.88); % Male-32%) were interviewed.Interviews underwent text review and thematic analysis.Results: Eleven interviewees (50%) thought NP testing was to "check" or "look into" the brain; six (27%) thought it was to assess specific abilities (e.g.memory).Ten (45%) reported feeling nervous due to uncertainty about testing or appearing "dumb".Eleven (50%) and fifteen (68%) described being unbothered by stopping mid-task and not receiving feedback on performance, respectively.Seven (32%) reported performing tasks quickly and accurately to be contradictory.Among causes of cognitive problems, stress (n=5, 23%), excessive worry (n=4, 18%), old age (n=2, 9%), depression (n=1, 5%), and witchcraft (n=1, 5%) were the most commonly reported.Conclusions: There may be limited understanding of the purpose of NP testing, as well as anxiety provoking situations during testing in this sample.Furthermore, there may be limited knowledge of what causes cognitive problems.In LMICs, such as South Africa, neuropsychologists should evaluate an examinee's understanding of NP testing to help foster optimal testing conditions, and may need to provide education on the causes of cognitive problems.

This Memoir is devoted to study of the existence and properties of Clifford parallelism in elliptic spaces of odd dimension greater than 3.The problem is equivalent to one on existence of mutually isoclinic n-planes in Euclidean 2n-space, which in its turn is closely connected with the Hurwitz-Radon problem on composition of quadratic forms.Much information is obtained through a new and deeper study of the Hurwitz matrix equations in the field of real numbers.

We present first results on the performance of a new generation of semitransparent amorphous silicon position detectors having very good properties such as a precision better than 5 /spl mu/m, deflection angles smaller than 10 /spl mu/rad and transmission in the visible higher than 70%. In addition the sensitive area is very large: 30/spl times/30 cm/sup 2/.

We report on irradiation studies done to a sample of high-precision electrolytic tiltmeters with gamma-rays, up to a maximum dose of 150 kGy, and neutrons, up to a maximum fluence of 1.5×1014 cm−2. The effect of the irradiation on their performance is discussed.

Negligible reversible changes in magnetic properties of thin metallic films exhibiting high Curie temperatures are expected over normally encountered temperature ranges. However, irreversible changes of the magnetic properties of vacuum-deposited films have been observed when they are subjected to high magnetic fields at temperatures in the order of 100°C. A similar effect is also observed in some electroplated films at lower temperatures. This investigation attempts to determine the significance of these effects in vacuum-deposited planar films when operated in a practical memory. Reversible and irreversible temperature-induced changes of restore digit current and disturb digit current thresholds, I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dR</inf> and I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dD</inf> , respectively, due to pulsed word and digit fields, were measured experimentally for temperatures between 20°C and 135°C. The pulsed fields simulated typical operational word and digit fields. Average threshold variations are given and discussed. Data on average film output variations is also presented.

We present first results on the performance of a new generation of semitransparent amorphous silicon position detectors having good properties such as an intrinsic position resolution better than 5 mum, a spatial point reconstruction precision better than 10 mum, deflection angles smaller than 10 murad and transmission in the visible and NIR higher than 70%. In addition the sensitive area is very large: 30 times 30 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .

RESUMENEl síndrome vasopléjico (SV) postoperatorio fue descrito por primera vez por Arkin en 1977 como un estado hemodinámico que ocurre inmediatamente después del sistema de circulación extracorpórea (CEC), el cual fue caracterizado por presión arterial baja, gasto cardíaco normal a alto y resistencia vascular sistémica baja.Actualmente es una entidad clínica que ha ido cobrando importancia debido al aumento que causa sobre la morbimortalidad del postoperatorio de la cirugía cardiaca.La definición clásica del síndrome vasopléjico consiste en un estado clínico caracterizado por hipotensión, resistencias vasculares sistémicas bajas e incremento de los requerimientos de líquidos y vasopresores.Los factores asociados son múltiples, pero el eje central se sitúa en la respuesta inflamatoria exagerada frente al potente estimulo que representa la circulación extracorpórea y el hecho de que dicha respuesta presenta una marcada variabilidad interindividual, lo que hace pensar en las características genéticas como posible factor predisponente.El uso preoperatorio de inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina y la presión arterial media a la entrada de circulación extracorpórea son factores de riesgo potencialmente controlables, o si el paciente se presenta con ellos, prever el tratamiento o la prevención de la vasoplejía.El tratamiento se centra en los vasoconstrictores, que se pueden dividir en: catecolaminas, hormonas, inhibidores del óxido nítrico (Azul de metileno), esquema terapéutico.El enfoque general del presente trabajo es dar a conocer al Síndrome Vasopléjico en Cirugía Cardiaca, sus principales síntomas, factores de riesgos y tratamientos.Los resultados se obtuvieron mediante el desarrollo de una investigación de tipo bibliográfica, delimitada a una metodología de revisión, que permite concluir que aun y cuando esta condición es potencialmente reversible si se trata al observar los primeros síntomas, es necesario el desarrollo de estudios que determinen las condiciones más adecuadas para iniciar la adminis-

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