Andrés Cabrera

The brain and its health are essential for our (physical mental, social, and spiritual) wellbeing, for being able to realize our potential as individuals, and also for a fair, well-functioning, and productive society. However, today the world is facing a healthcare crisis related to the very high (and increasing) burden of brain disorders. As a response to this crisis, the “Swiss Brain Health Plan” (SBHP) was conceptualized in the context of other initiatives launched to value, promote, and protect brain health over the entire life course. In the first section of this position paper, the following fundamental considerations of the SBHP are discussed: (1) the high (and increasing) burden of brain disorders in terms of prevalence (>50% of the population suffers from a brain disorder), disability, mortality, and costs; (2) the prevention of brain disorders; (3) the operational definition of brain health; (4) determinants of brain health; (5) international initiatives to promote brain (including mental) health including the World Health Organization (WHO) intersectorial global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders (NDs) (IGAP) and the WHO comprehensive mental health action plan. In the second section of the paper, the five strategic objectives of the SBHP, which has the vision of promoting brain health for all across the entire life course, are presented: (1) to raise awareness; (2) strengthen cross-disciplinary and interprofessional training/educational programs for healthcare professionals; (3) foster research on brain health determinants and individualized prevention of brain disorders; (4) prioritize a holistic (non-disease-specific), integrated, person-centered public health approach to promote brain health and prevent brain disorders through collaborations across scientific, health care, commercial, societal and governmental stakeholders and insurance providers; (5) support, empower, and engage patients, caregivers, and patient organizations, and reduce the stigma and discrimination related to brain disorders. In the third section of the paper, the first (2024) steps in the implementation of the SHBP, which will be officially launched in Zurich on 22 November 2023, are presented: (1) a definition of the overall organization, governance, specific targets, and action areas of the SBHP; (2) the patronage and/or co-organization of events on such specific topics as brain research (Lausanne), dementia (Geneva), stroke (Basel), neurohumanities (Bellinzona), sleep (Lugano), and psychiatry (Zurich); (3) the conduction of a new study on the global burden of brain disorders in Switzerland; (4) the launching of an international Certificate of Advanced Studies (CAS) on Brain Health at the University of Bern. In the fourth section of the paper, there is a concise executive summary of the SBHP.

Fuzzy inference techniques are an attractive and well-established approach for solving control problems. This is mainly due to their inherent ability to obtain robust, low-cost controllers from the intuitive (and usually ambiguous or incomplete) linguistic rules used by human operators when describing the control process. This paper focuses on the hardware/software codesign of configurable fuzzy control systems. Two prototype systems implemented on general-purpose development boards are presented. In both of them, hardware components are based on specific and configurable fuzzy inference architecture whereas software tasks are supported by a microcontroller. The first prototype uses an off-the-shelf microcontroller and a low-complexity Xilinx XC4005XL field programmable gate array (FPGA). The second one is implemented as a system on programmable chip (SoPC), integrating the microcontroller together with the fuzzy hardware architecture and its interface circuits into a Xilinx Spartan2E200 FPGA.

The improved Resistive Plate Chambers (iRPC) are designed using thin low resistivity High-Pressure Laminate (HPL) gaps. They are proposed to equip the very forward region of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector, as they can stand rates ∼2kHz/cm2. To withstand 3 times higher rates than the installed CMS RPC chambers, the HPL electrode thickness was reduced from 2 mm to 1.4 mm. The gas gain of the detector is dependent on the gas pressure and temperature which requires correcting for the applied voltage to keep detector operational characteristics such as efficiency, cluster size and noise rate constant. Herein, we study the pressure correction at constant temperature for CMS iRPC and compare its correction coefficient with the one for the 2 mm RPC gap technology. Pressure correction parameters for both technologies are found compatible.

In view of the High Luminosity LHC, the CMS Muon system will be upgraded to sustain its efficient muon triggering and reconstruction performance. Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) are dedicated detectors for muon triggering due to their excellent timing resolution. The RPC system will be extended up to 2.4 in pseudorapidity. Before the LHC Long Shutdown 3, new RE3/1 and RE4/1 stations of the forward Muon system will be equipped with improved Resistive Plate Chambers (iRPC) having, compared to the present RPC system, a different design and geometry and 2D strip readout. This advanced iRPC geometry configuration allows the rate capability to improve and hence survive the harsh background conditions during the HL-LHC phase. Several iRPC demonstrator chambers were installed in CMS during the recently completed 2nd Long Shutdown to study the detector behaviour under real LHC conditions. This paper summarizes the iRPC project and its schedule, including the status of the iRPC production sites, details of the chamber quality control procedures and results of the commissioning of the demonstrator chambers.

Este recetario es resultado de un trabajo conjunto entre la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y la comunidad arhuaca del resguardo de Jimaín, en el marco del proyecto de extensión solidaria, relacionado con producción agroacuícola. Buscando garantizar la continuidad de las iniciativas que se gestaron allí y que la comunidad pudiera integrar de manera armónica el consumo de peces en su dieta, realizamos una evaluación previa de las posibilidades reales de apropiación de estas prácticas, tanto en su dimensión técnica, ligada a la cría y levante de los peces, como en la incorporación de esta proteína en sus dietas. Por ello, decidimos invertir en un conocimiento más profundo de las prácticas alimentarias arhuacas a través de entrevistas y talleres, donde identificamos comidas y preparaciones recientes y antiguas que son importantes para la comunidad. Aunque trabajamos con foco en la apropiación y difusión del conocimiento piscícola, el recetario no se limita a recetas con pescado, sino que se extiende a otros alimentos cotidianos y significativos, resaltando aquellas preparaciones que hacen parte de la gastronomía local y de la identidad regional y étnica, buscando fortalecer las tradiciones agrícolas propias. Sin que se trate de una recopilación exhaustiva de la gastronomía de la Sierra, aquí quisimos contribuir al registro de algunas historias, conocimientos, técnicas y prácticas cotidianas que sostienen el día a día de los habitantes de este territorio.

In view of the High Luminosity upgrade of the CERN LHC, the forward CMS Muon spectrometer will be extended with two new stations of improved Resistive Plate Chambers (iRPC) covering the pseudorapidity range from 1.8 to 2.4. Compared to the present RPC system, the gap thickness is reduced to lower the avalanche charge, and an innovative 2D strip readout geometry is proposed. These improvements will allow iRPC detector to cope with higher background rates. A new Front-End-Board (FEB) is designed to readout iRPC signals with a threshold as low as 30 fC and an integrated Time Digital Converter with a resolution of 30 ps. In addition, the communication bandwidth is significantly increased by using optical fibers. The history, final design, certification, and calibration of this FEB are presented.

The CMS experiment, located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in CERN, has a redundant muon system composed by three different gaseous detector technologies: Cathode Strip Chambers (in the forward regions), Drift Tubes (in the central region), and Resistive Plate Chambers (both its central and forward regions). All three are used for muon reconstruction and triggering. The CMS RPC system confers robustness and redundancy to the muon trigger. The RPC system operation in the challenging background and pileup conditions of the LHC environment is presented. The RPC system provides information to all muon track finders and thus contributing to both muon trigger and reconstruction. The summary of the detector performance results obtained with proton-proton collision at √s = 13 TeV during 2016 and 2017 data taking have been presented. The stability of the system is presented in terms of efficiency and cluster size vs time and increasing instantaneous luminosity. Data-driven predictions about the expected performance during High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) stage have been reported.

Abstract A new generation of resistive plate chambers, capable of withstanding high particle fluxes (up to 2000 Hz · cm -2 ) and instrumented with precise timing readout electronics is proposed to equip two of the four high pseudorapidity stations of the CMS muon system. Double-gap RPC detectors, with each gap made of two 1.4 mm High Pressure Laminate electrodes and separated by a gas gap of the same thickness, are proposed. The new layout reduces the amount of the avalanche charge produced by the passage of a charged particle through the detector. This improves the RPC rate capability by reducing the needed time to collect this charge. To keep the RPC efficiency high, a sensitive, low-noise and high time resolution front-end electronics is needed to cope with the lower charge signal of the new RPC. An ASIC called PETIROC that has all these characteristics has been selected to read out the strips of new chambers. Thin (0.6 mm) printed circuit board, 160 cm long, equipped with pickup strips of 0.75 cm average pitch, will be inserted between the two new RPC's gaps. The strips will be read out from both ends, and the arrival time difference of the two ends will be used to determine the hit position along the strip. Results from the improved RPC equipped with the new readout system and exposed to cosmic muons in the high irradiation environment at CERN GIF++ facility are presented in this work.

During 2013 and 2014 (Long Shutdown LS1) the CMS experiment is upgrading the forward region installing a fourth layer of RPC detectors in order to complete and improve the muon system performances in the view of the foreseen high luminosity run of LHC. The new two endcap disks consists of 144 double-gap RPC chambers assembled at three different production sites: CERN, Ghent (Belgium) and BARC (India). The chamber components as well as the final detectors are subjected to full series of tests established in parallel at all the production sites.

The Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are employed in the CMS Experiment at the LHC as dedicated trigger system both in the barrel and in the endcap. This article presents results of the radiation background measurements performed with the 2011 and 2012 proton-proton collision data collected by CMS. Emphasis is given to the measurements of the background distribution inside the RPCs. The expected background rates during the future running of the LHC are estimated both from extrapolated measurements and from simulation.

Sonification Workstation is an open-source application for general sonification tasks, designed with ease-of-use and wide applicability in mind. Intended to foster adoption of sonification across disciplines, and increase experimentation with sonification by non-specialists, Sonification Workstation distills tasks useful in sonification and encapsulates them in a single software envi-ronment. The novel interface combines familiar modes of navigation from Digital Audio Workstations, with a highly simplified patcher interface for creating the sonification scheme. Further, the software associates methods of sonification with the data they sonify, in session files, which will make sharing and reproducing sonifications easier. It is posited that facilitating experimentation by non-specialists will increase the potential growth of sonification into fresh territory, encourage discussion of sonification techniques and uses, and create a larger pool of ideas to draw from in advancing the field of sonification. Source code is available at https://github.com/Cherdyakov/sonification-workstation. Binaries for macOS and Windows, as well as sample content, are available at http://sonificationworkstation.org.

Successful Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementations are a boon for organisations. However, there have been many instances of failed ERP implementations globally resulting in millions of wasted dollars. It is vital to learn from past ERP implementations so that such expensive mistakes are not recurrent. This qualitative exploratory case study aims to explore and document the lessons learned from ERP implementations in an Australian global natural resources company to mitigate such problems in the future. A single case study was conducted with the aim to understand experiences from different sites of the company that have already undergone proprietary ERP system implementation. Data was collected through interviews of key participants who were involved in the implementation. Analysis of the interviews has resulted in comprehensive lessons learned around the project focus areas. Finally, ten tips, divided in 4 categories i.e. People, Strategy, Technology and Management have been identified, to guide future ERP implementations and increase chances of success.

We report on a systematic study of double-gap and four-gap phenolic resistive plate chambers (RPCs) for the Phase-2 upgrade of the CMS muon system at high η. In the present study, we constructed real-sized double-gap and four-gap RPCs with gap thicknesses of 1.6 and 0.8 mm, respectively, with 2-mm-thick phenolic high-pressure-laminated (HPL) plates. We examined the prototype RPCs with cosmic rays and with 100-GeV muons provided by the SPS H4 beam line at CERN. To examine the rate capability of the prototype RPCs both at Korea University and at the CERN GIF++ facility, the chambers were irradiated with 137Cs sources providing maximum gamma rates of about 1.5 kHz cm−2. For the 1.6-mm-thick double-gap RPCs, we found the relatively high threshold on the produced detector charge was conducive to effectively suppressing the rapid increase of strip cluster sizes of muon hits with high voltage, especially when measuring the narrow-pitch strips. The gamma-induced currents drawn in the four-gap RPC were about one-fourth of those drawn in the double-gap RPC. The rate capabilities of both RPC types, proven through the present testing using gamma-ray sources, far exceeded the maximum rate expected in the new high-η endcap RPCs planned for future phase-II runs of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

Four double-gap CMS resistive plate chambers are being tested at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility to determine the performance and aging effects at the expected conditions of the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider. Results up to an integrated charge of 290 millicoulomb/cm2 are reported.

The high pseudo-rapidity region of the CMS muon system is covered by Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) only and lacks redundant coverage despite the fact that it is a challenging region for muons in terms of backgrounds and momentum resolution. In order to maintain good efficiency for the muon trigger in this region additional RPCs are planned to be installed in the two outermost stations at low angle named RE3/1 and RE4/1. These stations will use RPCs with finer granularity and good timing resolution to mitigate background effects and to increase the redundancy of the system.

Abstract During the upcoming High Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), the integrated luminosity of the accelerator will increase to 3000 fb −1 . The expected experimental conditions in that period in terms of background rates, event pileup, and the probable aging of the current detectors present a challenge for all the existing experiments at the LHC, including the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. To ensure a highly performing muon system for this period, several upgrades of the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) system of the CMS are currently being implemented. These include the replacement of the readout system for the present system, and the installation of two new RPC stations with improved chamber and front-end electronics designs. The current overall status of this CMS RPC upgrade project is presented.

With the increase of the LHC luminosity foreseen in the coming years, many detectors currently used in the different LHC experiments will be dramatically impacted and some need to be replaced or upgraded. The new ones should be capable to provide time information to reduce the data ambiguity due to the expected high pileup. We propose to equip CMS high |η| muon chambers with pairs of single gap RPC detectors read out by long pickup strips PCB. The precise time measurement (0<15 ps) of the signal induced by particles crossing the detector on both ends of each strip will give an accurate measurement of the position of the incoming particle along the strip. The absolute time measurement, determined by RPC signal (around 1.5 ns) will also reduce the data ambiguity due to the highly expected pileup and help to identify Heavy Stable Charged Particles (HSCP). The development of a specific electronic chain (analog front-end ASIC, time-to-digital converter stage and printed circuit board design) and the corresponding first results on prototype chambers are presented.

The high luminosity expected from the HL-LHC will be a challenge for the CMS detector. The increased rate of particles coming from the collisions and the radioactivity induced in the detector material could cause significant damage and result in a progressive degradation of its performance. Simulation studies are very useful in these scenarios as they allow one to study the radiation environment and the impact on detector performance. Results are presented for CMS RPC stations considering the operating conditions expected at the HL-LHC.

The CMS experiment recorded 177.75 /fb of proton-proton collision data during the RUN-1 and RUN-2 data taking period. Successful data taking at increasing instantaneous luminosities with the evolving detector configuration was a big achievement of the collaboration. The CMS RPC system provided redundant information for the robust muon triggering, reconstruction, and identification. To ensure stable data taking, the CMS RPC collaboration has performed detector operation, calibration, and performance studies. Various software and related tools are developed and maintained accordingly. In this paper, the overall performance of the CMS RPC system and experiences of the data taking during the RUN-2 period are summarised.

The muon spectrometer of the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is equipped with a redundant system made of Resistive Plate Chambers and Drift Tube in barrel and RPC and Cathode Strip Chamber in endcap region. In this paper, the operations and performance of the RPC system during the first three years of LHC activity will be reported. The stability of RPC performance, such as efficiency, cluster size and noise, will be reported. Finally, the radiation background levels on the RPC system have been measured as a function of the LHC luminosity. Extrapolations to the LHC and High Luminosity LHC conditions are also discussed.

During Run-3, the LHC is preparing to deliver instantaneous luminosity in the range from 5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1 to 7.5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1. To ensure stable data taking, providing redundant information for robust muon triggering, reconstruction and identification, the CMS RPC collaboration has used the opportunity given by the LHC long shutdown 2 (LS2), to perform a series of maintenance and preparation activities for the new data taking period. The overall performance of the RPC system after the LS2 commissioning period and the activities in preparation for future data taking will be presented.

During Run2 the high instantaneous luminosity, up to 2.21034cm−2s−1, lead to a substantial hit rate in the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment’s muon chambers due to multiple background sources to physics processes sought for at LHC. In this article we will describe the analysis method devised to measure and identify the contributions to such background in the Resistive Plate Chambers. Thorough understanding of the background rates provides the base for the upgrade of the muon detectors for the High-Luminosity LHC.

The present Compact Muon Solenoid Resistive Plate Chambers system has been worked efficiently during Run I and Run II of data taking period (Shah et al., 2020) [1]. In the coming years of operation with the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the expected rate and integrated charge are expected to be about 600 Hz/cm2 and 840 mC/cm2, respectively (including a safety factor of three). Therefore, the HL-LHC phase will be a challenge for the RPC system since the expected operating conditions are much harsher than those for which the detectors have been designed, and could introduce non-recoverable aging effects which can alter the detector properties. A longevity test has been started at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility to estimate the impact of HL-LHC conditions on the RPC detector performance in order to determine whether the RPC system will survive the harsher background conditions expected at HL-LHC. The latest results of the irradiation test will be presented.

For the High Luminosity (HL-LHC) upgrade an upgrade of the CMS detector is foreseen. One of the main projects is the development of the improved Resistive Plate Chamber (iRPC) detectors that will be installed in the forward region of CMS. To validate the performance of the new detector gaps with HL-LHC radiation levels, experimental tests have been conducted at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++). One chamber equipped with electronics is studied and its parameters are monitored as a function of the accumulated charge.

Based on previous experience and attempt, a real-size mosaic Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC) has been developed within the framework of the CMS muon upgrade efforts. The chamber is a 5-gap with plates made each of 6 pieces of low resistive glass. Cosmic ray test at CERN 904 shows that its efficiency can reach above 95% with a gas mixture of 90% C2H2F4, 5% i-C4H10 and 5% SF6. The chamber was also tested with CMS dry gas(95.2% C2H2F4, 4.5% i-C4H10, 0.3% SF6) at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++). Efficiency results calculated by a simple tracking method show that the good performance is maintained at rates up to 10 kHz/cm2.

Abstract The expected radiation background in the CMS RPC system has been studied using the MC prediction with the CMS FLUKA simulation of the detector and the cavern. The MC geometry used in the analysis describes very accurately the present RPC system but still does not include the complete description of the RPC upgrade region with pseudorapidity 1.9 &lt; |η| &lt; 2.4. Present results will be updated with the final geometry description, once it is available. The radiation background has been studied in terms of expected particle rates, absorbed dose and fluence. Two High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) scenarios have been investigated — after collecting 3000 and 4000 fb -1 . Estimations with safety factor of 3 have been considered, as well.

The CMS experiment implements a two-level triggering system composed of Level-1, instrumented by custom-design hardware boards, and a software High Level Trigger. To cope with the more challenging luminosity conditions, a new Level-1 architecture has been deployed during run II. This new architecture exploits in a better way the redundancy and complementarity of the three muon subsystems: Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC), Drift Tubes (DT) and Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC). The role of each subsystem in the Level-1 Muon Trigger is described here, highlighting the contribution from the RPC system. Challenges brought by the HL-LHC environment and new possibilities coming from detector and trigger upgrades are also discussed.

The high pseudorapidity ($\eta$) region of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) muon system is covered by Cathode Strip Chambers only and lacks redundant coverage despite the fact that it is a challenging region for muons in terms of backgrounds and momentum resolution. During the annual Year-End Technical Stops 2022 & 2023, two new layers of improved Resistive Plate Chambers (iRPC) will be added, RE3/1 & RE4/1, which will completely cover the region of $1.8 < |\eta| < 2.4$ in the endcap. Thus, the additional new chambers will lead to increase efficiency for both trigger and offline reconstruction in the difficult region where the background is the highest and the magnetic field is the lowest within the muon system. The extended RPC system will improve the performance and the robustness of the muon trigger. The final design of iRPC chambers and the concept to integrate and install them in the CMS muon system have been finalized. In this report, the main results demonstrating the implementation and installation of the new iRPC detectors in the CMS muon system at high $|\eta|$ region will be presented.

Abstract The present RPC Link System has been servicing as one of the CMS subsystems since installation in 2008. Although the current Link System has been functioning well for the past 13 years, the aging of its electronic components and lack of radiation hard ASICs could present problems for future operations. Additionally, the needs to have a more robust control interface against electromagnetic interference, to improve the trigger performance with finer time granularity and to incorporate a higher bandwidth transmission lines led the idea of upgrading the Link System for the HL-LHC. This paper reviews the features of the recently developed prototype of the new Link System.

A new muon reconstruction algorithm is introduced at the CMS experiment. This algorithm reconstructs muons using only the central tracker and the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC). The aim of this work is to study how a muon reconstructed only with tracker and RPC information would perform compared to the standard muon reconstruction of the CMS detector. The efficiencies to reconstruct and identify a RPC muon with a transverse momentum greater than 20 GeV/c are measured. The probabilities to misidentify hadrons as muons at low transverse momentum are also reported. These probabilities are compared to the standard muon identification used at CMS.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at European Organization for Nuclear Research is planned to be upgraded to the high luminosity LHC. Increasing the luminosity makes muon triggering reliable and offline reconstruction very challenging. To enhance the redundancy of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Muon system and resolve the ambiguity of track reconstruction in the forward region, an improved Resistive Plate Chamber (iRPC) with excellent time resolution will be installed in the Phase-2 CMS upgrade. The iRPC will be equipped with Front-End Electronics (FEE), which can perform high-precision time measurements of signals from both ends of the strip. New Back-End Electronics (BEE) need to be researched and developed to provide sophisticated functionalities such as interacting with FEE with shared links for fast, slow control (SC) and data, in addition to trigger primitives (TPs) generation and data acquisition (DAQ). The BEE prototype uses a homemade hardware board compatible with the MTCA standard, the back-end board (BEB). BEE interacts with FEE via a bidirectional 4.8 Gbps optical paired-link that integrates clock, data, and control information. The clock and fast/slow control commands are distributed from BEB to the FEE via the downlink. The uplink is used for BEB to receive the time information of the iRPC’s fired strips and the responses to the fast/slow control commands. To have a pipelined detector data for cluster finding operation, recover (DeMux) the time relationship of which is changed due to the transmission protocol for the continuous incoming MUXed data from FEE. Then at each bunch crossing (BX), clustering fired strips that satisfy time and spatial constraints to generate TPs. Both incoming raw MUXed detector data and TPs in a time window and latency based on the trigger signal are read out to the DAQ system. Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) of SiTCP and commercial 10-GbE are used as link standards for SC and DAQ, respectively, for the BEB to interact with the server. The joint test results of the BEB with iRPC and Front-End Board (FEB) show a Bit Error Rate of the transmission links less than $$1\times {10^{-16}}$$ , a time resolution of the FEB Time-to-Digital Converter of 16 ps, and the resolution of the time difference between both ends of 160 ps which corresponding a spatial resolution of the iRPC of approximately 1.5 cm. Test results showed the correctness and stable running of the BEB prototype, of which the functionalities fulfill the iRPC requirements.

In the next decades, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will run at very high luminosity (HL-LHC) 5×1034 cm−2s−1, factor five more than the nominal LHC luminosity. During this period the CMS RPC system will be subjected to high background rates which could affect the performance by inducing aging effects. A dedicated longevity program to qualify the present RPC system for the HL-LHC running period is ongoing. At the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++) four RPC detectors, from the spare production, are exposed to an intense gamma radiation for a dose equivalent to the one expected at the HL-LHC . The main detector parameters are under monitoring as a function of the integrated charge and the performance is studied with a muon beam. Preliminary results of the study after having collected ≈ 34% of the expected integrated charge will be presented.

The Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) are used for muon triggers in the CMS experiment. To calibrate the high voltage working-points (WP) and identify degraded detectors due to radiation or chemical damage, a high voltage scan has been performed using 2017 data from pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. In this paper, we present the calibration method and the latest results obtained for the 2017 data. A comparison with all scans taken since 2011 is considered to investigate the stability of the detector performance in time.

The second LHC long shutdown period (LS2) is an important opportunity for the CMS Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) to complete their consolidation and upgrade projects. The consolidation includes detector maintenance for gas tightness, HV (high voltage), LV (low voltage) and slow control operation. All services for the RPC Phase-2 upgrade: improved RPC in stations RE3/1 and RE4/1, were anticipated for installation to LS2. This paper summarises the RPC system maintenance and upgrade activities.

The CMS experiment has 1054 RPCs in its muon system. Monitoring their currents is the first essential step towards maintaining the stability of the CMS RPC detector performance. The current depends on several parameters such as applied voltage, luminosity, environmental conditions, etc. Knowing the influence of these parameters on the RPC current is essential for the correct interpretation of its instabilities as they can be caused either by changes in external conditions or by malfunctioning of the detector in the ideal case. We propose a Machine Learning(ML) based approach to be used for monitoring the CMS RPC currents. The approach is crucial for the development of an automated monitoring system capable of warning for possible hardware problems at a very early stage, which will contribute further to the stable operation of the CMS RPC detector.

The Muon Upgrade Phase II of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) aims to guarantee the optimal conditions of the present system and extend the η coverage to ensure a reliable system for the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) period. The Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) system will upgrade the off-detector electronics (called link system) of the chambers currently installed chambers and place improved RPCs (iRPCs) to cover the high pseudo−rapidity region, a challenging region for muon reconstruction in terms of background and momentum resolution. In order to find the best option for the iRPCs, an R&D program for new detectors was performed and real size prototypes have been tested in the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++) at CERN. The results indicated that the technology suitable for the high background conditions is based on High Pressure Laminate (HPL) double-gap RPC. The RPC Upgrade Phase II program is planned to be ready after the Long Shutdown 3 (LS3).

Background: In the last years, the zirconia crowns have become a new alternative in the restoration of temporary teeth.This crown offers superior nature replicating esthetics, durability and easy placement.Aim: Comparison of the strength in various cements used for primary zirconia crowns.Design: This in-vitro study was carried out on 60 prefabricated zirconia crowns (15 each from Nusmile ZR, Kinder Krowns, Cheng, Sprig EZ) and 5 stainless steel crowns as a control.65 crowns dyes were prepared with composite core build-up material.Uncemented crowns and prepared dyes, except NuSmile crowns, were placed in artificial saliva for 2 min.Followed by rinsing with water, drying and then cemented in all 60 primary zirconia crowns with the dyes.Three luting types of cement: NuSmile BioCem, FujiCem 2 and Ketac Cem were used to cement 5 zirconia crowns of each manufacturer type, while stainless steel crowns were cemented with Ketac Cem.Crowns and dyes were subjected to 5,000 cycles of thermocycling at 5°C and 55°C.The samples were then stored in artificial saliva at 37°C in the incubator for 1 week to mimic the oral environment.The bond strength required to dislodge the crown from the composite tooth replica was tested using the universal testing machine with results recorded in Newtons.Results: There were no significant differences in retention rates between different brands of primary zirconia crowns; however, significant differences were observed between the types of luting cements used.Anova was significant while Tukey's HSD multiple comparison indicated FujiCem 2 and BioCem were significantly more retentive than Ketac Cem.The bond strength with FujiCem 2 and BioCem was also significantly higher than that of the controlled group which was cemented with GIC.Conclusions: The type of primary zirconia crowns did not significantly affect the tensile bond strength; however, luting cement type did matter with FujiCem 2 being more retentive than the other types of cements tested. | Use of zirconia crowns in pediatric dentistry for the treatment of dental agenesis: A case report

Multiple Finite Quantum Well structure under transverse magnetic field action has been analyzed theoretically by means of the behavior of the carriers wavefunctions. Confluent hypergeometric functions as analytical solutions of the carriers effective-mass equation appear to us to be a powerful tool for the study of several physical properties of superlattices. In particular, the electrons and holes magnetotunneling times through the barrier separating two close wells have been calculated. It is found that the escaping time can be lower than the radiative recombination time, depending on the barrier widths and magnetic field intensity and, therefore, allowing the tunneling of the carriers.

Abstract As part of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment Phase-II upgrade program, new resistive plate chambers will be installed in the region at low angle with respect to the beam collision axis, in order to improve the detection of muons with a low transverse momentum. High background conditions are expected in this region during the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider, therefore an improved-RPC design has been proposed with a new front-end electronics to sustain a higher particle rate capability and better time resolution. A new technology is used in the front-end electronics resulting in low achievable signal detection of 1–20 fC. Crucial in the design of the improved-RPC is the capability of a two-dimensional readout in order to improve the spatial resolution, mainly motivated by trigger requirements. In this work, the first performance results towards this two-dimensional readout are presented, based on data taken on a real-size prototype chamber with two embedded readout planes with orthogonal strips.

The Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) are used in the CMS experiment at the trigger level and also in the standard offline muon reconstruction. In order to guarantee the quality of the data collected and to monitor online the detector performance, a set of tools has been developed in CMS which is heavily used in the RPC system. The Web-based monitoring (WBM) is a set of java servlets that allows users to check the performance of the hardware during data taking, providing distributions and history plots of all the parameters. The functionalities of the RPC WBM monitoring tools are presented along with studies of the detector performance as a function of growing luminosity and environmental conditions that are tracked over time.

February 1 th 2013 marked the end of the first period of running of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the start of a two-year break from operation (LS1) aimed at consolidating both the accelerator as well as the detectors. By the end of LS1, the LHC is expected to provide collisions at 13 Tev. While, by 2020, the ultimate instantaneous luminosity is expected to be 1034/cm2/s. To prepare for this scenario, the Resistive Plate Chamber system at the CMS experiment is planning several detector maintainance and consolidation interventions. These include High Voltage and Low Voltage system reparations, gas leak identification and reparation, signal channel connectivity and functionality. Commissioning and upgrade plans for the existing CMS RPC system are presented here.

The CMS experiment, located at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, has a redundant muon system composed by three different detector technologies: Cathode Strip Chambers (in the forward regions), Drift Tubes (in the central region) and Resistive Plate Chambers (both its central and forward regions). All three are used for muon reconstruction and triggering. During the first long shutdown (LS1) of the LHC (2013-2014) the CMS muon system has been upgraded with 144 newly installed RPCs on the forth forward stations. The new chambers ensure and enhance the muon trigger efficiency in the high luminosity conditions of the LHC Run2. The chambers have been successfully installed and commissioned. The system has been run successfully and experimental data has been collected and analyzed. The performance results of the newly installed RPCs will be presented.

The CMS experiment, located at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, has a redundant muon system composed by three different detector technologies: Cathode Strip Chambers (in the forward regions), Drift Tubes (in the central region) and Resistive Plate Chambers (both its central and forward regions). All three are used for muon reconstruction and triggering. During the first long shutdown (LS1) of the LHC (2013-2014) the CMS muon system has been upgraded with 144 newly installed RPCs on the forth forward stations. The new chambers ensure and enhance the muon trigger efficiency in the high luminosity conditions of the LHC Run2. The chambers have been successfully installed and commissioned. The system has been run successfully and experimental data has been collected and analyzed. The performance results of the newly installed RPCs will be presented.

In the framework of the High Luminosity LHC upgrade program, the CMS muon group built several different RPC prototypes that are now under test at the new CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++). A dedicated Detector Control System (DCS) has been developed using the WinCC-OA tool to control and monitor these prototype detectors and to store the measured parameters data. Preliminary efficiency studies that set the base performance measurements of CMS RPC for starting aging studies are also presented.

We report on a systematic study of double-gap and four-gap phenolic resistive plate chambers (RPCs) for future high-η RPC triggers in the CMS. In the present study, we constructed real-sized double-gap and four-gap RPCs with gap thicknesses of 1.6 and 0.8 mm, respectively, with 2-mm-thick phenolic high-pressure-laminated (HPL) plates. We examined the prototype RPCs for cosmic rays and 100 GeV muons provided by the SPS H4 beam line at CERN. We applied maximum gamma rates of 1.5 kHz cm-2 provided by 137Cs sources at Korea University and the GIF++ irradiation facility installed at the SPS H4 beam line to examine the rate capabilities of the prototype RPCs. In contrast to the case of the four-gap RPCs, we found the relatively high threshold was conducive to effectively suppressing the rapid increase of strip cluster sizes of muon hits with high voltage, especially when measuring the narrow-pitch strips. The gamma-induced currents drawn in the four-gap RPC were about one-fourth of those drawn in the double-gap RPC. The rate capabilities of both RPC types, proven through the present testing using gamma-ray sources, far exceeded the maximum rate expected in the new high-η endcap RPCs planned for future phase-II LHC runs.

The RPC muon detector of the CMS experiment at the LHC (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland) is equipped with a Gas Gain Monitoring (GGM) system. A report on the stability of the system during the 2011-2012 data taking run is given, as well as the observation of an effect which suggests a novel method for the monitoring of gas mixture composition.

This article discusses the evolutionary conditions of constructivism on society, from Luhmann's social systems theory. First, we review some of the basic notions of the theory of social and cultural evolution, focusing on the concepts of variation, selection and stabilization of semantics in expectation structures. We suggest that these elements find empirical scenarios suitable for observation in scientific and philosophical communications, as well as in cultural productions. Our discussion leads to the question regarding the likeliness of stabilization of constructivism in expectations that operate in everyday life. We conclude with the hypothesis that constructivism -on its expressions on several systems- constitutes an evolutionary acquisition, as it allows the coupling of new and more complex communications in contemporary society.

El indice de parasitismo en el Colegio Nacional Agricola Nabon es del 62, cuyos agentes etiologicos predominantes fueron: quiste de E. histolytica, quiste de E. coli y quiste de Giardia lamblia. Se establecio como principal causa de la amibiasis, la falta de conocimientos sobre buenos habitos de higiene y la no disponibilidad de servicios de salubridad. Para disminuir este indice de parasitismo, se vio la necesidad de dar capacitacion a los estudiantes, profesores y padres de familia sobre parasitosis y medidas de prevencion. En coordinacion con el Centro de Salud Nabon No 9 se pudo dar tratamiento gratuito a todos los jovenes parasitados.

Several theoretical models inspired by the idea of supersymmetry (SUSY) accommodate the possibility of Heavy Stable Charged Particles (HSCPs). The Phase II upgrade of the CMS-RPC system will allow the trigger and identification of this kind of particles exploiting the Time-of-Flight Technique with the improved time resolution that a new Data Acquisition System (DAQ) system will provide (∼2 ns). Moreover, new Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) detector chambers will be installed to extend the acceptance coverage up to |η|<2.4 with similar time resolution and better spatial resolution. We present a trigger strategy to detect HSCPs with the RPC detectors. Its performance is studied with Monte Carlo simulations and the expected results with the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) data are shown.

The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) phase is designed to increase by an order of magnitude the amount of data to be collected by the LHC experiments. The foreseen gradual increase of the instantaneous luminosity of up to more than twice its nominal value of $10\times10^{34}\ {\rm cm}^{-1}{\rm s}^{-2}$ during Phase I and Phase II of the LHC running, presents special challenges for the experiments. The region with high pseudo rapidity ($\eta$) region of the forward muon spectrometer ($2.4 > |\eta| > 1.9$) is not equipped with RPC stations. The increase of the expected particles rate up to 2 kHz cm$^{-1}$ ( including a safety factor 3 ) motivates the installation of RPC chambers to guarantee redundancy with the CSC chambers already present. The current CMS RPC technology cannot sustain the expected background level. A new generation of Glass-RPC (GRPC) using low-resistivity glass was proposed to equip the two most far away of the four high $\eta$ muon stations of CMS. In their single-gap version they can stand rates of few kHz cm$^{-1}$. Their time precision of about 1 ns can allow to reduce the noise contribution leading to an improvement of the trigger rate. The proposed design for large size chambers is examined and some preliminary results obtained during beam tests at Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++) and Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN are shown. They were performed to validate the capability of such detectors to support high irradiation environment with limited consequence on their efficiency.

Este artículo reflexiona sobre la masificación de las mercancías digitales en el capitalismo tardío, considerando los aportes de la crítica de la economía política inaugurada por Marx y algunos de sus más importantes herederos durante los siglos XX y XXI. En la actualidad, el ciberespacio se convierte en el canal más apropiado para operativizar los flujos financieros del mercado global, mientras promueve la desestabilización de sistemas políticos que tienden la descomposición. En el primer caso –y desde una perspectiva económica– las nuevas mercancías digitales intensifican el ‘ocultamiento fetichista’ mediante sofisticados circuitos productivos, financieros y comerciales, mientras al mismo tiempo, promueven la ‘apertura’ al ciberespacio, acelerando de este modo la reproducción ampliada del capital. En el segundo caso –y desde un punto de vista político– las nuevas mercancías digitales intensifican la dislocación social provocada por la emergencia histórica de la sátira que, en la era digital, contiene el ‘peso inmaterial’ de la comunicación virtual descargada como shitstorm.

The complete 5.4 kton MINOS far detector has been taking data since the beginning of August 2003 at a depth of 2070 meters water-equivalent in the Soudan mine, Minnesota. This paper presents the first MINOS observations of nu(mu) and (nu) over bar (mu) charged-current atmospheric neutrino interactions based on an exposure of 418 days. The ratio of upward- to downward-going events in the data is compared to the Monte Carlo expectation in the absence of neutrino oscillations, giving R-up/down(data)/R-up/down(MC)=0.62(-0.14)(+0.19)(stat.)+/- 0.02(sys.). An extended maximum likelihood analysis of the observed L/E distributions excludes the null hypothesis of no neutrino oscillations at the 98% confidence level. Using the curvature of the observed muons in the 1.3 T MINOS magnetic field nu(mu) and (nu) over bar (mu) interactions are separated. The ratio of (nu) over bar (mu) to nu(mu) events in the data is compared to the Monte Carlo expectation assuming neutrinos and antineutrinos oscillate in the same manner, giving R-(nu) over bar mu/nu(data)(mu)/R-(nu) over bar mu/nu(MC)(mu)=0.96(-0.27)(+0.38)(stat.)+/- 0.15(sys.), where the errors are the statistical and systematic uncertainties. Although the statistics are limited, this is the first direct observation of atmospheric neutrino interactions separately for nu(mu) and (nu) over bar (mu).

Resistive Plate Chambers have a very important role for muon triggering both in the barrel and in the endcap regions of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) . In order to optimize their performance, it is of primary importance to tune the electronic threshold of the front-end boards reading the signals from these detectors. In this paper we present the results of a study aimed to evaluate the effects on the RPC efficiency, cluster size and detector intrinsic noise rate, of variations of the electronics threshold voltage.