A. Ahmed

The series of upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider, culminating in the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, will enable a significant expansion of the physics program of the CMS experiment. However, the accelerator upgrades will also make the experimental conditions more challenging, with implications for detector operations, triggering, and data analysis. The luminosity of the proton-proton collisions is expected to exceed $2-3\times10^{34}$~cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ for Run 3 (starting in 2022), and it will be at least $5\times10^{34}$~cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ when the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider is completed for Run 4. These conditions will affect muon triggering, identification, and measurement, which are critical capabilities of the experiment. To address these challenges, additional muon detectors are being installed in the CMS endcaps, based on Gas Electron Multiplier technology. For this purpose, 161 large triple-Gas Electron Multiplier detectors have been constructed and tested. Installation of these devices began in 2019 with the GE1/1 station and will be followed by two additional stations, GE2/1 and ME0, to be installed in 2023 and 2026, respectively. The assembly and quality control of the GE1/1 detectors were distributed across several production sites around the world. We motivate and discuss the quality control procedures that were developed to standardize the performance of the detectors, and we present the final results of the production. Out of 161 detectors produced, 156 detectors passed all tests, and 144 detectors are now installed in the CMS experiment. The various visual inspections, gas tightness tests, intrinsic noise rate characterizations, and effective gas gain and response uniformity tests allowed the project to achieve this high success rate.

Triple-GEM detector technology was recently selected by CMS for a part of the upgrade of its forward muon detector system as GEM detectors provide a stable operation in the high radiation environment expected during the future High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). In a first step, GEM chambers (detectors) will be installed in the innermost muon endcap station in the $1.6<\left|\eta\right|<2.2$ pseudo-rapidity region, mainly to control level-1 muon trigger rates after the second LHC Long Shutdown. These new chambers will add redundancy to the muon system in the $\eta$-region where the background rates are high, and the bending of the muon trajectories due to the CMS magnetic field is small. A novel construction technique for such chambers has been developed in such a way where foils are mounted onto a single stack and then uniformly stretched mechanically, avoiding the use of spacers and glue inside the active gas volume. We describe the layout, the stretching mechanism and the overall assembly technique of such GEM chambers.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a procedure of connecting the central nervous system to the device. In the past few years, BCI was conducted by Electroencephalography (EEG). By linking EEG with other neuro imaging technologies like functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), promising outcomes were attained. An important stage of BCI is brain state identification from verified signal properties. Classifying EEG signals for motor imagery (MI) is a common use in the BCI system. Motor imagery includes imagining the movement of certain body parts without executing the physical movement. Deep Artificial Neural Network (DNN) obtained unprecedented complex classification outcomes. Such performances were obtained by an effective learning algorithm, improved computation power, restricted or back-fed neuron connection, and valuable activation function. Therefore, this study develops a Gazelle Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning based Motor-Imagery Classification (GOADL-MIC) technique for EEG-Based BCI. The GOADL-MIC technique aims to exploit hyperparameter-tuned DL model for the recognition and identification of MI signals. To achieve this, the GOADL-MIC model initially undergoes the conversion of one dimensional-EEG signals into 2D time-frequency amplitude one. Besides, the EfficientNet-B3 system is applied for the effectual derivation of feature vector and its hyperparameters can be selected by using GOA. Finally, the classification of MIs takes place using bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM). The experimentation result analysis of the GOADL-MIC method is verified utilizing the BCI dataset and the results demonstrate the promising results of the GOADL-MIC algorithm over its counter techniques

The high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will result in ten times higher particle background than measured during the first phase of LHC operation. In order to fully exploit the highly-demanding operating conditions during HL-LHC, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration will use Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector technology. The technology will be integrated into the innermost region of the forward muon spectrometer of CMS as an additional muon station called GE1∕1. The primary purpose of this auxiliary station is to help in muon reconstruction and to control level-1 muon trigger rates in the pseudo-rapidity region 1.6≤|η|≤2.2. The new station will contain trapezoidal-shaped GEM detectors called GE1∕1 chambers. The design of these chambers is finalized, and the installation is in progress during the Long Shutdown phase two (LS-2) that started in 2019. Several full-size prototypes were built and operated successfully in various test beams at CERN. We describe performance measurements such as gain, efficiency, and time resolution of these prototype chambers, developed after years of R&D, and summarize their behavior in different gas compositions as a function of the applied voltage.

The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors has been utilized for various applications due to their excellent spatial resolution, high rate capabilities and flexibility in design. The GEM detectors stand as a promising device to be used in nuclear and particle physics experiments. Many future experiments and upgrades are looking forward to use this technology leading to high demand of GEM foils. Until now, CERN is the only reliable manufacturer and distributor of GEM foils, but with technology transfer, few other industries across the globe have started manufacturing these foils employing the same photo-lithographic technique. The Micropack Pvt. Ltd. is one such industry in India which produced first few 10cm×10cm GEM foils, which were then distributed to few collaborating partners for testing reliability and performance of foils before they can be accepted by the scientific community. Characterization of three such foils have already been performed by studying their optical and electrical properties. Using these foils a triple GEM detector has been built and various performance characteristics have been measured. In this paper, we specifically report measurements on gain, resolution and response uniformity, by utilizing local quality control set-ups existing at University of Delhi.

Detectors made with semiconductors such as silicon can be efficiently used for detecting and imaging neutrons when coated with suitable materials. They detect the charged reaction products resulting from the interaction of thermal neutrons with materials with high capture cross section like ¹⁰B, ⁶Li, and ⁶LiF. This work describes the performance of a thermal neutron detector system, GAMBE, which is based on silicon sensors and a layer of neutron-sensitive material, such as a lithium fluoride film or a lithium-6 foil, in a sandwich configuration. This arrangement has a total detection efficiency of 4 &plusmn; 2 %, 7 &plusmn; 1 %, and12 &plusmn; 1 % for 7 &mu;m 6LiF film, 40 &mu;m and 70 &mu;m ⁶Li foil respectively. Also, it enhances the rejection of fake hits using a simple coincidence method. The coincidence that defines a true neutron hit is the simultaneous signal recorded by the two sensors facing the conversion layer (or foil). These coincidences provide a very good method for rejecting the spurious hits coming from gamma-rays, which are usually present in the neutron field under measurement. The GAMBE system yields a rejection factor at the level of 10⁸ allowing very pure neutron detection in high gamma background conditions. However, the price to pay is a reduction of the detection efficiency of 1 &plusmn; 1 % or 0:9 &plusmn; 0:3 % for 7 &mu;m ⁶LiF film and 40 &mu;m ⁶Li foil respectively.

Abstract The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) is a new age detector, which can handle the high flux of particles. The GEM foil, which is constructed using 50 μm highly insulating foil (Kapton/Apical) coated with 5 μm layers of copper, on both sides, with a network of specifically shaped holes is the major component of these detectors. The European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) has been the sole supplier of the GEM foils until recently when a few other companies started manufacturing GEM foils under the transfer of technology (TOT) agrement from CERN. Techtra is one such company in Europe which gained a right to use CERN developed technology in order to produce commercially viable GEM foils. Micropack Pvt. Ltd. is another company in India which has successfully manufactured good quality GEM foils. Due to the microscopic structure of holes and dependence on the electric field inside, it becomes essential to study the defect and uniformity of holes along with the electrical property of foils under ambient conditions. In this work we are reporting the tests condition of Techtra GEM foils. We report on the development of a cost effective and efficient technique to study the GEM foils holes geometry, distribution, and defects. We also report on the electrical properties of these foils like leakage current, stability, and discharges. At the detector level, we describe the high voltage (HV) response, gain, uniformity, and stability. The GEMs have been proposed to have a wider applications, so we performed a feasibility study to utilize these for the imaging. We irrediated various objects of varying density with X-rays and reconstructed the images. The reconstructed image shows a good distinction between materials of different densities, which can be very useful in various applications like medical imaging or cargo imaging.

The increasing demand for Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) foils has been driven by their application in many current and proposed high-energy physics experiments. Micropack, a Bengaluru-based company, has established and commercialized GEM foils for the first time in India. Micropack used the double-mask etching technique to successfully produce 10 cm × 10 cm GEM foil. In this paper, we report on the development as well as the geometrical and electrical properties of these foils, including the size uniformity of the holes and leakage current measurements. Our characterization studies show that the foils are of good quality and satisfy all the necessary quality control criteria.

After the Phase-2 high-luminosity upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the collision rate and therefore the background rate will significantly increase, particularly in the high $\eta$ region. To improve both the tracking and triggering of muons, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration plans to install triple-layer Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors in the CMS muon endcaps. Demonstrator GEM detectors were installed in CMS during 2017 to gain operational experience and perform a preliminary investigation of detector performance. We present the results of triple-GEM detector performance studies performed in situ during normal CMS and LHC operations in 2018. The distribution of cluster size and the efficiency to reconstruct high $p_T$ muons in proton--proton collisions are presented as well as the measurement of the environmental background rate to produce hits in the GEM detector.

Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology, in particular triple-GEM, was selected for the upgrade of the CMS endcap muon system following several years of intense effort on R&D. The triple-GEM chambers (GE1/1) are being installed at station 1 during the second long shutdown with the goal of reducing the Level-1 muon trigger rate and improving the tracking performance in the harsh radiation environment foreseen in the future LHC operation [1]. A first installation of a demonstrator system started at the beginning of 2017: 10 triple-GEM detectors were installed in the CMS muon system with the aim of gaining operational experience and demonstrating the integration of the GE1/1 system into the trigger. In this context, a dedicated Detector Control System (DCS) has been developed, to control and monitor the detectors installed and integrating them into the CMS operation. This paper presents the slice test DCS, describing in detail the different parts of the system and their implementation.

The CMS muon system in the region with 2.03<|η|<2.82 is characterized by a very harsh radiation environment which can generate hit rates up to 144 kHz/cm2 and an integrated charge of 8 C/cm2 over ten years of operation. In order to increase the detector performance and acceptance for physics events including muons, a new muon station (ME0) has been proposed for installation in that region. The technology proposed is Triple—Gas Electron Multiplier (Triple-GEM), which has already been qualified for the operation in the CMS muon system. However, an additional set of studies focused on the discharge probability is necessary for the ME0 station, because of the large radiation environment mentioned above. A test was carried out in 2017 at the Cern High energy AcceleRator Mixed (CHARM) facility, with the aim of giving an estimation of the discharge probability of Triple-GEM detectors in a very intense radiation field environment, similar to the one of the CMS muon system. A dedicated standalone Geant4 simulation was performed simultaneously, to evaluate the behavior expected in the detector exposed to the CHARM field. The geometry of the detector has been carefully reproduced, as well as the background field present in the facility. This paper presents the results obtained from the Geant4 simulation, in terms of sensitivity of the detector to the CHARM environment, together with the analysis of the energy deposited in the gaps and of the processes developed inside the detector. The discharge probability test performed at CHARM will be presented, with a complete discussion of the results obtained, which turn out to be consistent with measurements performed by other groups.

The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) is the new age detector for nuclear and particle physics experiments, which was first developed by the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN). It is comprised of an excellent insulator (Kapton/Apical) having a thickness of 50 μm which is covered with 5 μm copper layer on both sides and pierced by a regular array of holes. From its invention, CERN has been the sole supplier of the GEM foils until recently when few private companies started manufacturing GEM foils under the transfer of technology (TOT) from CERN. However, it's a long process to validate the foils delivered by these companies to claim that the GEM detectors made from them are compatible with high scientific standards. Along these lines, an India based company Micropack Pvt. Ltd. began fabricating both double and single mask GEM foils; at first Micropack produced 10 × 10 cm2 double mask foils which were tested both at foil and detector level by University of Delhi (DU) and it was confirmed to satisfy the required standards. Because of the double mask technique, the size of the GEM foil was constantly constrained so to overcome the confinement in size of GEM foils the single mask technique was developed in 2010. Micropack produced the first batch of 30 × 30 cm2 single mask foils in a joint effort with DU. A triple-GEM detector was constructed using these foils to test the fundamental quality controls, which include effective gain measurement, energy spectrum, and gain uniformity. Along with this, we will also report on the few advance studies which include discharge probability, rate capability, and charging up for this detector and foils.

The upgrade of the CMS detector for the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will include gas electron multiplier (GEM) detectors in the end-cap muon spectrometer. Due to the limited supply of large area GEM detectors, the Korean CMS (KCMS) collaboration had formed a consortium with Mecaro Co., Ltd. to serve as a supplier of GEM foils with area of approximately 0.6 m2. The consortium has developed a double-mask etching technique for production of these large-sized GEM foils. This article describes the production, quality control, and quality assessment (QA/QC) procedures and the mass production status for the GEM foils. Validation procedures indicate that the structure of the Korean foils are in the designed range. Detectors employing the Korean foils satisfy the requirements of the HL-LHC in terms of the effective gain, response uniformity, rate capability, discharge probability, and hardness against discharges. No aging phenomena were observed with a charge collection of 82 mC cm−2. Mass production of KCMS GEM foils is currently in progress.

Abstract The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors of the GE1/1 station of the CMS experiment have been operated in the CMS magnetic field for the first time on the 7 th of October 2021. During the magnetic field ramps, several discharge phenomena were observed, leading to instability in the GEM High Voltage (HV) power system. In order to reproduce the behavior, it was decided to conduct a dedicated test at the CERN North Area with the Goliath magnet, using four GE1/1 spare chambers. The test consisted in studying the characteristics of discharge events that occurred in different detector configurations and external conditions. Multiple magnetic field ramps were performed in sequence: patterns in the evolution of the discharge rates were observed with these data. The goal of this test is the understanding of the experimental conditions inducing discharges and short circuits in a GEM foil. The results of this test lead to the development of procedure for the optimal operation and performance of GEM detectors in the CMS experiment during the magnet ramps. Another important result is the estimation of the probability of short circuit generation, at 68 % confidence level, p short HV OFF = 0.42 -0.35 +0.94 % with detector HV OFF and p short HV OFF &lt; 0.49% with the HV ON. These numbers are specific for the detectors used during this test, but they provide a first quantitative indication on the phenomenon, and a point of comparison for future studies adopting the same procedure.

Clothing for robots can help expand a robot's functionality and also clarify the robot's purpose to bystanders. In studying how to design clothing for robots, we can shed light on the functional role of aesthetics in interactive system design. We present a case study of designing a utility belt for an agricultural robot. We use reflection-in-action to consider the ways that observation, in situ making, and documentation serve to illuminate how pragmatic, aesthetic, and intellectual inquiry are layered in this applied design research project. Themes explored in this pictorial include 1) contextual discovery of materials, tools, and practices, 2) design space exploration of materials in context, 3) improvising spaces for making, and 4) social processes in design. These themes emerged from the qualitative coding of 25 reflection-in-action videos from the researcher. We conclude with feedback on the utility belt prototypes for an agriculture robot and our learnings about context, materials, and people needed to design successful novel clothing forms for robots.

We are delighted to present Inside Out, 2018: a raw commentary on physiologic, psychologic, and social health.In this production are expressions of awe, anger, anxiety, and grief; here you'll find colorful intersections of satire and introspection, blacks and grays highlighted with wildly vibrant texture and mood.The artists featured in our compilation approach complicated questions such as -How does one process illness-morbidity and mortality-in themselves, their patients, and their loved ones?How does one explore one's identity in the context of societal stigmas and expectations?How does one manage the sudden and sometimes overwhelming responsibilities of caretaking, in all of its forms?These pieces range from meditative to whimsical to provocative; they invite the audience to feel, speculate, and understand-to accept the abstract, and think carefully about the gaps between factual and emotional truth.

Abstract A temperature monitoring system based on fibre Bragg grating (FBG) fibre optic sensors has been developed for the gas electron multiplier (GEM) chambers of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. The monitoring system was tested in prototype chambers undergoing a general test of the various technological solutions adopted for their construction. The test lasted about two years and was conducted with the chambers being installed in the CMS detector and operated during regular experimental running. In this paper, we present test results that address the choice of materials and procedures for the production and installation of the FBG temperature monitoring system in the final GEM chambers.

We present analytical calculations, Finite Element Analysis modelling, and physical measurements of the interstrip capacitances for different potential strip geometries and dimensions of the readout boards for the GE2/1 triple-Gas Electron Multiplier detector in the CMS muon system upgrade. The main goal of the study is to find configurations that minimize the interstrip capacitances and consequently maximize the signal-to-noise ratio for the detector. We find agreement at the 1.5–4.8% level between the two methods of calculations and on the average at the 17% level between calculations and measurements. A configuration with halved strip lengths and doubled strip widths results in a measured 27–29% reduction over the original configuration while leaving the total number of strips unchanged. We have now adopted this design modification for all eight module types of the GE2/1 detector and will produce the final detector with this new strip design.

An estimate of environmental background hit rate on triple-GEM chambers is performed using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and compared to data taken by test chambers installed in the CMS experiment (GE1/1) during Run-2 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The hit rate is measured using data collected with proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV and a luminosity of 1.5$\times10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The simulation framework uses a combination of the FLUKA and Geant4 packages to obtain the hit rate. FLUKA provides the radiation environment around the GE1/1 chambers, which is comprised of the particle flux with momentum direction and energy spectra ranging from $10^{-11}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for neutrons, $10^{-3}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for $\gamma$'s, $10^{-2}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for $e^{\pm}$, and $10^{-1}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for charged hadrons. Geant4 provides an estimate of detector response (sensitivity) based on an accurate description of detector geometry, material composition and interaction of particles with the various detector layers. The MC simulated hit rate is estimated as a function of the perpendicular distance from the beam line and agrees with data within the assigned uncertainties of 10-14.5%. This simulation framework can be used to obtain a reliable estimate of background rates expected at the High Luminosity LHC.

A novel approach for the determination of the direction of a neutron flux is presented. This approach based on the combination of a solid-state neutron capture detector with neutron moderators and reflectors such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and lead respectively. This detector has a sandwich configuration of two silicon sensors of 1 cm $^{2}$ active area and a layer of $^{6}$ LiF (1.5 ± 0.6) mg/cm$^{2}$ thick. It has been fixed at the center of an aluminium enclosure (inner dimension 60 mm ×50 mm ×30 mm) for eliminating photoelectric noise. HDPE sheets encircle the entire detector from all directions except one, which faces a 1 Ci Am-Be neutron source where lead blocks 5 cm thick have been used for suppression of gammaray background. Thermal neutron detection efficiency has been estimated according to different setups where the whole system is rotated by an angle of $90 ^{circ}$ in front of Am-Be neutron source. The variation of thermal neutron detection efficiency due to the rotation process provides an evaluation about the location of the utilised neutron source. This location is identified by the maximum thermal neutron detection efficiency, which is achieved and the lowest count rate of gamma-rays where the lead window faces the neutron source. Theoretical investigation using MCNP4C code approved the variation of thermal neutron flux through $^{6}$ LiF film according to the rotational angle.

Demand-side management (DSM) programs in the industrial sector appear to be economically feasible due to the large controllable loads and relatively low costs per control point. Innovative electricity tariffs provide one of the most important DSM alternatives. Because real-time pricing (RTP) is considered as management option which reflects the real cost of generating electricity to the end user, the electricity cost saving potential of RTP through demand management is presented in this paper. These variables include the installed power consumption capacity of the plant, the plant's spare energy consumption capacity, and terms that describe the structure of the RTP tariff. Time of using (TOU) pricing compared with (RTP) is presented, can either be applied as  load management (LM) program or as incentive to drive the economics and the motivation to implement other types of LM programs. TOU pricing also can be taken as a way for consumers to adjust the electricity consumption among different time axis in accordance with the cost of electricity. In the present paper, we proposed the fully arithmetic fuzzy operations method which is applied where all the parameters and variables are characterized by triangular fuzzy numbers. A comparison of Fuzzy arithmetic operations and ordinary operations is given

Increasing demand for security scanners and medical imaging techniques has risen with the advancement of technology based on silicon sensors. However, these technologies are much expensive and require critical handling. The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) foil, based detector has been attempted to use as an imaging detector. GEM foil is generally constructed using 50 μm highly insulating film coated with 5 μm copper on both sides and a network of highly dense double conical holes of size 50-70 μm in it. Due to the microscopic structure of holes and the dependence of the electric field inside them, it becomes essential to study the defects and uniformity of holes along with the electrical property of foils in various conditions. In our work, we have tested GEM foils both optically and electrically and saw the response of the triple-layered GEM detector towards fake signal and gain.

Background: chronic diseases increased with aging process, chronic wounds also increased, creating a huge load on the health system. Accurate documentation and measurement of wounds healing become critical. More research is required to construct and validate wound predictive measures to guide more accurate treatment plan with better clinical treatment. Artificial intelligence is widely used to help clinician in clinical decisions and save effort and time. A non-parametric supervised learning technique for regression and classification is called a decision tree (DT). The objective is to build a model that, by utilizing basic decision rules deduced from the data features, predicts the value of a target variable. A piecewise constant approximation can be thought of as a tree. Aim: to predict burn wound response to low level laser using artificial intelligence inform of decision tree tool through using the following variables: patients’ age, burn wound size ,wound stage and total burned surface area. Methods: fifty patients (male and female) with partial thickness burn wound were recruited from the burn units. There was only one intervention group receiving low level laser for six weeks divided to 18 sessions (three sessions per week).

Glass Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) of size 2 m × 2 m, operated in avalanche mode will be used as an active detector element at the INO-ICAL experiment. The RPC system of the ICAL experiment will operate with a gas mixture of C2H2F4 (94.5%), isobutane (5%) and SF6 (0.5%). To fulfil the physics goals, about 29,000 RPCs will be used which are expected to last for 20 years or more. The quality and purity of the gas plays a vital role in the stable operation of RPC detectors. The presence of impurities in a gas mixture contribute towards the degradation of detector performance. The various assembly materials like glues, button spacers, frames, etc. used in the construction of the chamber may outgas and contaminate the gas mixture. We have performed the very first study to estimate the outgassing due to various materials used in the construction of INO RPCs. The present study includes the results obtained from gas chromatography showing the generation of impurities and dangerous radicals produced due to outgassing when RPC are operated in the cosmic stand. The study also includes a test of purity and effectiveness of the gas mixing system. Since a large amount of gas mixture is to be circulated inside the RPC during the operation of the ICAL detector, a proper leak test will help to minimize gas leaks reducing operational costs and atmospheric air pollution. A proper quantitative leak test is also performed on RPC after assembly by monitoring the absolute pressure inside the chamber, along with the atmospheric pressure and temperature to estimate the leakage rate.

Gaseous detectorsKumar, Hemant are the important components in each High Energy Physics (HEP) Experiment [1]. The operation of such detectors depends upon the mixture of various gases such as Ar, CO $$_2$$ , CF $$_4$$ , etc.Ahmed, Asar However, the purity and the appropriate mixture of these gases is always the key component andGola, Mohit has a direct impact on various properties of the detectors like gain, spatial, timing, and energy resolutions. The present work describes the design andAhmed, Rizwan construction of flexible and cost-effective Gas Mixing Unit (GMU) which is very useful for providing the appropriate mixture to various gaseous detectors like drift tubes (DTs),Kumar, Ashok Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs), Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs), etc. We also present some preliminary results to demonstrate its stability with the changes in ambient conditions. The results were obtained by using this newly developed GMU with GEM 10 cm $$\times $$ 10 cm as a test detector.Naimuddin, Md.

The Phase-II high luminosity upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is planned for 2023, significantly increasing the collision rate and therefore the background rate, particularly in the high $\eta$ region. To improve both the tracking and triggering of muons, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration plans to install triple-layer Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors in the CMS muon endcaps. Demonstrator GEM detectors were installed in CMS during 2017 to gain operational experience and perform a preliminary investigation of detector performance. We present the results of triple-GEM detector performance studies performed in situ during normal CMS and LHC operations in 2018. The distribution of cluster size and the efficiency to reconstruct high $p_T$ muons in proton--proton collisions are presented as well as the measurement of the environmental background rate to produce hits in the GEM detector.

We investigated the creation of two Charginos ( ± ) and neutralino ( ) owing to electron-positron annihilation via the processand estimated the cross section for this interaction in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM).There are three gatherings of Feynman graphs which taken by the sorts of the propagators.Group (I) when and Z boson are propagators, Group (II) when and h (lighter Higgs boson) are propagators and Group (III) when and H (heavier Higgs boson) are propagators, where , = 1,2 !" ℓ = 1,2,3,4.here are (192) various potential circumstances from Feynman graph.Over a range of center of mass energy S (Gev), the cross-sections (pb) are determined based on (MSSM), the mechanisms of the process can be recognized as:+ % in group I. % + % → ℎ ' % + % → ( % + % in group II.% + % → * ' % + % → ( % + % in group III At S interval (1000-2100) Gev, the best value of σ is 0.072 Pb in-group (I).When masses of Charginos are m / 0 1 2 = 700 GeV, m / 0 6 7 = 700GeV and mass of neutralino is m 8 ℓ 9 = 800 GeV

Abstract In 2018, a system of large-size triple-GEM demonstrator chambers was installed in the CMS experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The demonstrator's design mimicks that of the final detector, installed for Run-3. A successful Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the collision-induced background hit rate in this system in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV is presented. The MC predictions are compared to CMS measurements recorded at an instantaneous luminosity of 1.5 ×10 34 cm -2 s -1 . The simulation framework uses a combination of the FLUKA and GEANT4 packages. FLUKA simulates the radiation environment around the GE1/1 chambers. The particle flux by FLUKA covers energy spectra ranging from 10 -11 to 10 4 MeV for neutrons, 10 -3 to 10 4 MeV for γ's, 10 -2 to 10 4 MeV for e ± , and 10 -1 to 10 4 MeV for charged hadrons. GEANT4 provides an estimate of the detector response (sensitivity) based on an accurate description of the detector geometry, the material composition, and the interaction of particles with the detector layers. The detector hit rate, as obtained from the simulation using FLUKA and GEANT4, is estimated as a function of the perpendicular distance from the beam line and agrees with data within the assigned uncertainties in the range 13.7-14.5%. This simulation framework can be used to obtain a reliable estimate of the background rates expected at the High Luminosity LHC.